PSY113 Week #2 Lecture Slides PDF

Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Chapter 2 Modules 4–7 The Biology of Mind PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition ...

Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Chapter 2 Modules 4–7 The Biology of Mind PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Chapter Overview  Module 4: Neuronal and Hormonal Systems  Module 5: Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined  Module 6: Brain Regions and Structures  Module 7: Damage Responses and Brain Hemispheres PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition Module 4 Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems: Biology, Behavior, and Mind (part 1)  Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.  Psychologists working from a biological perspective study the links between biology and behavior.  Humans are biopsychosocial systems in which biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to influence behavior. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems: Biology, Behavior, and Mind (part 2)  Understanding of the relationship between brain and mind has evolved over time.  Aristotle: Mind is found in the heart.  Gall: Phrenology reveals mental abilities and character traits.  Biological psychologists today  Use advanced technologies to study the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) processes and psychological processes PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved A Wrongheaded Theory  (a) Despite initial acceptance of Franz Gall’s speculations, bumps on the skull tell us nothing about the brain’s underlying functions. Yet, some of his assumptions have held true.  Do you know what these assumptions are? PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems: Biology, Behavior, and Mind (part 3)  During the last century, researchers made many discoveries.  The adaptive brain is wired by experience.  Nerve cells conduct electricity and communicate through chemical messages across tiny separating gaps.  Specific brain systems serve specific functions.  Information is integrated to construct a wide range of experiences. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems: The Power of Neuroplasticity  Neuroplasticity  Involves brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience  Is part of what makes humans exceptional  Cultural neuroscientists  Argue that experiencing different cultural traditions, beliefs, and rituals can create distinct behaviors and brain activation patterns PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural Communications: Terms to Learn  Neuron  Threshold  Cell body  Refractory period  Dendrites  All-or-none response  Axon  Synapse  Myelin sheath  Neurotransmitters  Glial cells (glia)  Reuptake  Action potential PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved A Motor Neuron PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Putting It All Together: Neurons and Information Transmission  Neurons are the elementary components of the nervous system — the body’s speedy electrochemical system.  A neuron receives signals through branching dendrites and sends signals through its axons.  Some axons are encased in a myelin sheath, which enables faster transmission of the signal.  Glial cells provide myelin and support, nourish, and protect neurons. They also play a role in thinking and learning.  If a combined signal received by a neuron exceeds a minimum threshold, the neuron fires, transmitting an electrical impulse down its axon through a chemical-to-electricity process.  The neuron’s reaction is an all-or-none process. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neurons Communicating (part 1)  Our billions of neurons exist in a vast and densely interconnected web.  As part of a fascinating electrochemical communication process, one neuron’s terminal branches send messages to neighboring dendrites. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Action Potential PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neurons Communicating (part 2) PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Biology of Antidepressants: Action of the SSRI Prozac PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved How Neurotransmitters Influence Us  Neurotransmitters travel over designated pathways in brain and may influence specific motions and emotions.  Acetylcholine (ACh) enables muscle action, learning, and memory.  Endorphins are natural opiates released in response to pain and exercise.  Drugs and other chemicals affect brain chemistry at synapses. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Commonly Studied Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Neurotransmitter Function Examples of Malfunctions Acetylcholine (ACh) Enables muscle action, learning, and With Alzheimer’s disease, ACh- memory producing neurons deteriorate. Dopamine Influences movement, learning, Oversupply linked to schizophrenia. attention, and emotion Undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinson’s disease. Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and Undersupply linked to depression. arousal Some drugs that raise serotonin levels are used to treat depression. Norepinephrine Helps control alertness and arousal Undersupply can depress mood. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric A major inhibitory neurotransmitter Undersupply linked to seizures, acid) tremors, and insomnia. Glutamate A major excitatory neurotransmitter; Oversupply can overstimulate the involved in learning and memory brain, producing migraines or seizures. Endorphins Neurotransmitters that influence the Oversupply with opioid drugs perception of pain or pleasure can suppress the body’s natural endorphin supply. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Dependent Upon Dopamine  The neurotransmitter dopamine helps us move, think, and feel.  Too little dopamine may produce the tremors and loss of motor control of Parkinson’s disease (Wang et al., 2022).  More than 8.5 million people worldwide have Parkinson’s disease, including musical artist and reality show actor Ozzy Osbourne, shown here with the rest of The Osbournes (Ou et al., 2021). PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems: The Nervous System  Nervous system  Body’s speedy electrochemical communication network, which consists of all nerve cells of central and peripheral nervous systems  Central nervous system (CNS)  Brain and spinal cord are body’s decision-makers.  Peripheral nervous system (PNS)  Sensory and motor neurons connect CNS to the rest of body for gathering and transmitting information  Nerves, electrical cables formed from bundles of axons, link CNS with body’s sensory receptors, muscles, and glands. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Functional Divisions of the Human Nervous System PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Nervous System: Types of Neurons  Three types of neurons cluster into working networks.  Sensory (afferent) neurons  Carry messages from body’s tissues and sensory receptors inward to spinal cord and brain for processing  Motor (efferent) neurons  Carry ongoing information from central nervous system out to body’s muscles and glands  Interneurons within the brain and spinal cord  Communicate with one another and process information between sensory input and motor output PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems: The Peripheral Nervous System  Two components with subdivisions  Somatic nervous system  Autonomic nervous system (ANS)  Sympathetic nervous system  Parasympathetic nervous system PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Dual Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System  Sympathetic subdivision arouses and expends energy and enables voluntary control of skeletal muscles.  Parasympathetic subdivision calms and conserves energy, allowing routine maintenance activity, and controls involuntary muscles and glands. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems: The Central Nervous System  Adult brain has approximately 128 billion neurons.  Neural networks and pathways govern reflexes through highly efficient electrochemical information system.  Spinal cord connects peripheral nervous system and brain.  Ascending neural fibers send up sensory information, and descending fibers send back motor-control information.  Pain reflex PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved A Simple Reflex PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems: The Endocrine System (part 1)  Feedback system  Brain → pituitary→ other glands → hormones → body and brain  This reveals interplay between nervous and endocrine systems. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems: The Endocrine System (part 2)  Endocrine system: Set of glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream  Hormones travel through body and affect other tissues, including brain.  Pituitary: Master gland that influences hormone release by other glands, including adrenal glands  In an intricate feedback system, brain’s hypothalamus influences pituitary gland, which influences other glands that release hormones and influence brain. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Neural and Hormonal Systems: The Endocrine System (part 3)  Stress  Stressful event triggers hypothalamus to instruct pituitary to release a hormone.  Causes adrenal glands to flood body with cortisol, a stress hormone that increases blood sugar  Experiencing prejudice also triggers release of stress hormone cortisol.  Sustained stress increases adolescents’ and adults’ risk for later depression. Stressed body → depressed mind. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition Module 5 Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Tools of Discovery: Having our Head Examined PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Tools of Discovery: Having Our Heads Examined (part 1)  Scientists can:  Selectively lesion (destroy) tiny clusters of typical or defective brain cells, observing any effect on brain function  Stimulate various brain parts — electrically, chemically, or magnetically — and note the effect  Investigate messages of individual neurons; optogenetics PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Tools of Discovery: Having Our Heads Examined (part 2)  Neural measure Types  Electroencephalogram (EEG)  Magnetoencephalography (MEG)  Positron emission tomography (PET)  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)  Functional MRI (fMRI) PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Common Types of Neural Measures Name How Does It Work? Sample Finding EEG (Electroencephalogram) Electrodes placed on the scalp measure Symptoms of depression and anxiety correlate with electrical activity in neurons. increased activity in the right frontal lobe, a brain area associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion (Thibodeau et al., 2006). MEG A head coil records magnetic fields from the Soldiers with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), (Magnetoencephalography) brain’s natural electrical currents. compared with soldiers who do not have PTSD, show stronger magnetic fields in the visual cortex when they view trauma-related images (Todd et al., 2015). Positron emission Tracks where in the brain a temporarily Monkeys with an anxious temperament have brains that tomography radioactive form of glucose goes while the use more glucose in regions related to fear, memory, and (PET) person given it performs a task. expectations of reward and punishment (Fox et al., 2015). Magnetic resonance imaging People sit or lie down in a chamber that People with a history of violence tend to have smaller (MRI) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to frontal lobes, especially in regions that aid moral judgment provide a map of brain structure. and self-control (Glenn & Raine, 2014). Functional magnetic Measures blood flow to brain regions by Years after surviving a near plane crash, passengers who resonance comparing continuous MRI scans. viewed material related to their trauma showed greater imaging (fMRI) activation in the brain’s fear, memory, and visual centers than when they watched footage related to the 9/11 terrorist attacks (Palombo et al., 2015). PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved MRI Scans of Individuals without Schizophrenia (a) and with Schizophrenia (b) PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition Module 6 Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Regions and Structures PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Regions and Structures: Main Divisions  Vertebrate brains have three main divisions.  Hindbrain  Contains brainstem structures that direct essential survival functions, such as our breathing, sleeping, arousal, coordination, and balance  Midbrain  Connects the hindbrain with the forebrain; controls some movement and transmits information that enables seeing and hearing  Forebrain  Manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Divisions: Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Regions and Structures: Brainstem  Brainstem  Is central core of brain, beginning where spinal cord swells as it enters skull; responsible for automatic survival functions  Medulla  Is located at base of brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing  Pons  Sits above medulla and helps coordinate movement and controls sleep PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Regions and Structures: Thalamus and Reticular Formation  Thalamus  Is located on top of brainstem  Directs messages to sensory receiving areas in cortex  Transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla  Reticular formation  Includes nerve network that travels through brainstem into thalamus; filters information  Plays important role in controlling arousal PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Regions and Structures: Cerebellum  Cerebellum  Is hindbrain’s “little brain” at rear of brainstem  Functions include processing sensory input  Coordinates movement output and balance  Enables nonverbal learning and skill memory PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Regions and Structures: The Limbic System  Limbic system  Is located mostly in forebrain; limbic system’s hypothalamus controls nearby pituitary gland  Is associated with emotions and drives  Contains amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Limbic System: Amygdala and Hypothalamus  Amygdala  Two lima bean-sized neural clusters in limbic system  Linked to emotion; enables aggression, fear, and rage  Hypothalamus  Involves neural structure lying below the thalamus  Directs several maintenance activities; helps maintain steady (homeostatic) internal state  Hunger; thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior  Helps govern the endocrine system via pituitary gland and is linked to emotion and reward  Pleasure centers/reward centers  Reward deficiency syndrome PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Limbic System: Hippocampus  Hippocampus  Is neural center located in limbic system  Helps process conscious, explicit memories of facts and events for storage  Has neural clusters that influence hunger; others regulate thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior  Decreases in size and function with age; furthers cognitive decline PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Structures and Their Functions PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Regions and Structures: The Cerebral Cortex  Two hemispheres  Each hemisphere has four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Regions and Structures: The Structure of the Cortex (part 1)  Cerebral cortex: Thin layer of interconnected neurons covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center  Frontal lobes: Portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments  Parietal lobes: Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Regions and Structures: The Structure of the Cortex (part 2)  Occipital lobes: Portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields  Temporal lobes: Portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes areas that receive information from the ears PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Regions and Structures: Functions of the Cortex  Motor functions  Electrically stimulating motor cortex can cause body part movement  Motor cortex  Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig  Discovered motor cortex at the rear of frontal lobes  José Delgado  Demonstrated motor behavior mechanics PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Motor Cortex and Somatosensory Cortex Tissue Devoted to Each Body Part PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Cerebral Cortex: Brain-Machine Interfaces  Recording signals from electrodes placed in monkeys’ motor cortexes allowed researchers to match brain signals with arm movements.  In follow-up experiments, both monkeys and humans have learned to control a robot arm that can grasp and deliver food.  Current clinical trials are investigating cognitive neural prosthetics for patients with paralysis or amputations.  Machine learning technique uses implanted recording electrodes in the motor cortex. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain-Machine Interaction PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Cerebral Cortex: Functions of the Cortex  Sensory functions  Somatosensory cortex  Is located at front of parietal lobes, parallel to and just behind the motor cortex  Specializes in receiving information from skin sensations and from movement of body parts PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Functions of the Cortex: Visual Cortex and Auditory Cortex  The visual cortex in the occipital lobes at the rear of the brain receives input from the eyes.  The auditory cortex in the temporal lobes — above the ears — receives information from the ears. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Thinking Critically About: Do We Use Only 10 Percent of Our Brain? PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Cerebral Cortex: Association Areas  Association areas of the cortex  Found in all four lobes  Areas in the prefrontal lobes enable judgment, planning, and processing of new memories  Damage to association areas  Results in different losses  Let’s examine one case. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved A Blast from the Past (a) Phineas Gage’s skull was kept as a medical record. Using measurements and modern neuroimaging techniques, researchers have reconstructed the probable path of the rod through Gage’s brain. (b) This recently discovered photo shows Gage after his accident. (This image has been reversed to show the features correctly. Early photos, including this one, were actually mirror images.) PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition Module 7 Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Damage Responses and Brain Hemispheres PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Damage Responses and Brain Hemispheres  Responses to damage  Severed brain and spinal cord neurons usually do not regenerate.  Some brain functions seem preassigned to specific areas.  Some neural tissues can reorganize after damage reassignment; neuroplasticity  Blindness and deafness; peripheral and motion-detection vision  Neurogenesis  Involves producing new neurons that may mature more and grow larger than the neurons we are born with; stem cells  Varies among people PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Half a Brain  At age 3, Jodie Miller started having life-threatening seizures. To save her life, doctors removed most of her right hemisphere (check out MRI of hemispherectomy).  What were the consequences of this surgery as Jodie grew? PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Damage Responses and Brain Hemispheres: The Divided Brain  Brain’s look-alike left and right hemispheres serve differing functions.  Lateralization is apparent after brain damage.  Damages  Left hemisphere accidents, strokes, and tumors can impair reading, writing, speaking, arithmetic reasoning, and understanding.  Similar right hemisphere damage has less visibly dramatic effects.  Mirror right hemisphere PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Corpus Callosum PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Divided Brain: Splitting the Brain  Intact brain  Data received by either hemisphere are quickly transmitted to other side across corpus callosum.  Split-brain hemisphere  Hemispheres are isolated by cutting fibers (mainly those of corpus callosum) connecting them.  This information sharing does not take place in severed corpus callosum brain. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved The Information Highway from Eye to Brain  Why does visual information-sharing not take place in a person with a severed corpus callosum? PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition  Copyright © 2024 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Brain Hemispheres: Right-Left Differences in Intact Brains  Each hemisphere performs distinct functions.  Humans have unified brains with specialized parts.  Left hemisphere is good at making quick, exact interpretations of language.  Right hemisphere excels in making inferences, modulating speech, and facilitating self-awareness. PSYCHOLOGY David G. Myers | C. Nathan DeWall | June Gruber | 14th Edition