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Questions and Answers
What percentage longer did it take for the wounds to heal in chronically stressed caregivers compared to control groups?
Which group showed that wounds produced before an exam took 40% longer to heal than identical wounds made during the holiday time period?
What was the observed impact on wound healing in couples with consistently higher levels of hostile behavior?
What aspect are researchers continuing to look at in order to understand the impact of stress on the body?
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What is the main cause of decreased muscle mass as a consequence of prolonged stress response?
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Which process provides the body with increased nutrients for healing and energy during the stress response?
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What biological measurement can be used to test for hyperglycemia as a consequence of stress?
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What is the main consequence of sustained stress response on the cardiovascular system?
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Which factor is responsible for the impaired nitrogen balance associated with muscle catabolism during stress?
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What is responsible for the decreased number of T-cells and their protection as a consequence of prolonged stress response?
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What is the gold standard for assessing the HPA-axis?
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Which test involves purposefully lowering the blood glucose level to less than 2.2 millimoles per litre?
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Which biological test can reflect protein breakdown in the body?
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What is the purpose of the Trier Social Stress Test or TSST?
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What was the task that participants had to complete in the Trier Social Stress Test?
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What was measured after the preparation time in the Trier Social Stress Test?
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How long did it take for the cortisol levels to peak after the task in the Trier Social Stress Test?
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What has been connected to poor response to vaccines?
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What happens to natural killer cells with increased cortisol levels?
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What effect does increased cortisol have on angiogenesis?
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What was the purpose of the first study mentioned in the text?
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Which test is used as a hypoglycemic stress test by endocrinologists?
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Study Notes
Stress and Wound Healing
- Chronically stressed caregivers experienced a 40% longer time to heal wounds compared to control groups.
- Wounds produced before an exam took 40% longer to heal than identical wounds made during the holiday time period in students.
- Couples with consistently higher levels of hostile behavior showed impaired wound healing.
Physiological Responses to Stress
- Prolonged stress response leads to decreased muscle mass due to increased cortisol levels, which break down muscle tissue for energy.
- The body provides increased nutrients for healing and energy during the stress response through the process of gluconeogenesis.
- Hyperglycemia as a consequence of stress can be tested through a biological measurement of blood glucose levels.
Cardiovascular System
- Sustained stress response leads to increased blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension.
Muscle Catabolism and Immune System
- Impaired nitrogen balance associated with muscle catabolism during stress is caused by increased cortisol levels, which break down muscle tissue for energy.
- Decreased number of T-cells and their protection as a consequence of prolonged stress response is due to increased cortisol levels, which suppress the immune system.
Assessing the HPA-Axis
- The gold standard for assessing the HPA-axis is the Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT).
- The ITT involves purposefully lowering the blood glucose level to less than 2.2 millimoles per liter.
Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)
- The purpose of the TSST is to assess the body's response to stress.
- Participants had to complete a public speaking task and a mental arithmetic task in the TSST.
- Salivary cortisol levels, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured after the preparation time in the TSST.
- Cortisol levels peaked 20-30 minutes after the task in the TSST.
Immune System and Vaccines
- Poor response to vaccines has been connected to chronic stress.
- Increased cortisol levels lead to decreased natural killer cell activity.
- Angiogenesis is inhibited by increased cortisol levels.
Additional Information
- The purpose of the first study mentioned in the text was to examine the impact of stress on wound healing.
- The Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT) is used as a hypoglycemic stress test by endocrinologists.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the consequences of the stress response, including the body's hypermetabolic state, negative impacts on muscle mass and impaired nitrogen balance.
