Neuroscience and Consciousness Quiz

<p>The brain's response to conflicting signals, indicating something might be wrong. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability for PVS patients to demonstrate intention using cognitive tasks and fMRI. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An infinite loop of inner observers is required to explain consciousness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal parts of the brain can 'look at' the sensory systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A shifting locus of attention to different mental contents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is comprised of unconscious systems like language and skills. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Around 7 plus or minus 2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The degree of integration of information in a system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A continuous spectrum, with less and more conscious states. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The information in the camera is not integrated in a meaningful way. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Studying neural processes and their relationship to conscious experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All possibilities, including the neural event causing conscious experience, vice-versa, or a third factor causing both. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical stimulus being presented. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conscious percept alternates between the two presented images despite the unchanging stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monocular neurons within the visual cortex V1. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The percentage increases as you move to higher brain regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paralysis of all muscles except for the eyes, while still maintaining consciousness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blinking or using computer interfaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the object was moving within the blinded hemifield. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specialized area V5. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>V5 is the area where consciousness of motion occurs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Color is perceived approximately 80 milliseconds before motion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain ignores the time difference and perceptually synchronizes the two. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Images and feelings are available for conscious perception. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mental images operate like physical pictures in the mind and can happen unconsciously. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right posterior parietal lobe. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The somatosensory cortex areas for the face and hand are located close to one another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain is always subjective and is referred to as qualia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using visual feedback through a mirror to create the illusion of a normal limb. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consciousness is the result of a network of distributed brain areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They show a novel way of distributed processing in the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conscious experiences happen in different brain areas and potentially at different times. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>V5 (MT) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qualia generated in specific processing sites of the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are individual and independently operate with two distinct states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consciousness arises from a type of physics capable of handling non-computable problems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As behaving in a novel way unlike anything observed before. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Within microtubules found in all cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that something can exist in multiple states at once. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To highlight a conceptual problem in quantum mechanics when applied to everyday objects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mathematical representation of the mixed state of the cat within the system before observation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because macroscopic objects, despite comprising microscopic particles, are not normally seen in superposition states. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition where a person appears to be awake but shows no signs of awareness or consciousness.

A type of amnesia where a person cannot form new memories after the onset of the condition.

The sensation of a missing limb still being present after amputation.

The areas in the brain that represent the missing limb may take on new functions or remain active, contributing to phantom limb sensations.

A complex phenomenon where the brain interprets signals from severed nerves as if the limb were still present, leading to phantom limb sensations.

The feeling of pain is subjective and varies depending on the individual.

A brain region involved in processing pain intensity. More activity in the ACC signifies more intense pain.

A treatment used to manage phantom limb pain. The patient views their own hand and a virtual hand moving together, providing visual feedback and reducing pain.

A region of the brain involved in several functions, including consciousness. Giant neurons in the claustrum were recently discovered to be significant in understanding consciousness.

The theory suggesting that consciousness arises from the coordinated activity of many brain regions, not a single location.

A theory proposing that consciousness arises from the integration of information within the brain, implying consciousness exists on different levels of complexity.

The processing site of consciousness. It is assumed that consciousness is generated in the same area where specific information is processed. For example: Color qualia is generated in V4 of the brain.

Refers to the neural activity that is associated with specific conscious experiences. It aims to link brain activity patterns to the subjective experience of awareness.

A condition where a person is fully conscious, aware, and able to think, but their body is paralyzed due to damage to the brainstem. Communication is possible through eye movements.

A state of consciousness between PVS and full consciousness. There is some evidence of awareness, but it may be inconsistent and limited. It is not possible to communicate reliably.

A research method used to study NCC. It involves presenting two different images to each eye, which are then perceived in an alternating fashion. The stimulus is constant, but the perception changes.

The area of the brain responsible for processing visual information. It plays a critical role in binocular rivalry.

The higher-level brain regions involved in processing visual information, particularly complex aspects like object recognition, attention, and memory. They play a role in the conscious perception of binocular rivalry.

The area in the brain responsible for processing motion, and thus causing conscious awareness of movement.

The ability to perceive motion in a visual field despite damage to the primary visual cortex (V1).

This refers to the idea that different aspects of perception, like color and motion, are processed at different times in the brain but appear simultaneous because they're synchronized.

A theory that suggests a central location in the brain acts as a 'screen' where all conscious experiences are projected onto.

The act of mentally rotating an object in 3D space.

The amount of time it takes to complete a mental rotation task is directly correlated with the time it would take to rotate the object physically in real space.

This region of the brain, located in the right posterior parietal lobe, is primarily involved in mental rotation tasks.

The 'who' looking at the metaphorical mental screen in the Cartesian Theatre; the ultimate observer of our internal world.

The idea that our subjective experience of consciousness arises from a central, global workspace in the brain, where information from different brain regions is integrated and made available to our conscious awareness.

A measure of a system's integration of information, used in Integrated Information Theory to quantify consciousness. The higher the value of Φ, the more conscious a system is considered to be.

The problem of explaining how subjective experience arises from physical processes in the brain. It encompasses the question of how neural activity gives rise to the feeling of consciousness.

The idea that there is an infinite chain of observers, with each observer looking at the previous observer, resulting in a never-ending regress. This concept is used to illustrate the challenge of explaining how consciousness can arise in a hierarchical brain structure.

The idea that the brain is structured in a way that avoids an infinite regress of consciousness by having frontal regions of the brain be responsible for observing sensory information from the back of the brain.

The idea that consciousness is a complex process involving a central, global workspace. Information from different parts of the brain is integrated and brought to conscious awareness, while other information remains unconscious.

The idea that the subjective experience of consciousness arises from a process of information integration within the brain. The more information a system integrates, the more conscious it is considered to be.

In quantum physics, superposition describes a state where a particle exists in multiple states simultaneously until observed. Think of a coin spinning in the air, it's both heads and tails at the same time until it lands.

Microtubules are tiny tube-like proteins found in all cells. Penrose theorizes that consciousness arises from quantum processes within these structures.

The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics states that observing a quantum system forces it to choose a single state from a superposition of states. This explains why we don't see macroscopic objects in superposition.

A camera sensor is made up of millions of individual photodiodes, each functioning independently without any collective intelligence. It's analogous to comparing the sensor to one photodiode, highlighting its basic nature.

Sir Roger Penrose, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist, proposes a quantum theory of consciousness, suggesting that consciousness arises from quantum processes within the brain, specifically within microtubules.

Penrose argues that conscious understanding is fundamentally different from computational processes. He believes that brains are governed by physics and that understanding consciousness requires a new kind of physics beyond computation.

Quantum theory describes the behavior of matter and energy at the subatomic level. Penrose applies this theory to explain consciousness, proposing that it emerges from quantum processes within the brain.

Feynman, a Nobel Prize winner, explains the counterintuitive nature of quantum physics. Tiny particles don't behave like miniature solar systems, requiring a new understanding of their behavior.