47 Questions
Which drug category is associated with tolerance and withdrawal?
Opiates
What is the primary determinant of drug effects discussed in the chapter?
Genetic factors
What is the primary focus of the chapter 'States of Consciousness'?
The role of drugs in altering consciousness
What did Adrian Owen and his colleagues study?
Patients in vegetative or minimally conscious states
What is the vegetative state characterized by?
Individuals who appear awake but show no awareness
How did Owen test patient Kate Bainbridge?
By showing her familiar faces during a PET scan
What breakthrough did Owen's work with healthy volunteers using fMRI scans achieve?
Identified answers with 90% accuracy by asking simple yes-or-no questions
What is Adrian Owen working to repeat using an EEG?
The fMRI findings
What do recent breakthroughs in Owen's work have implications for?
Diagnosis, clinical care, rehabilitation, medical ethics, and medical/legal decision making
What can influence emotional responses according to modern psychodynamic views?
Nonconscious processes
What can have an emotional and motivational flavor according to the results of numerous experiments?
Unconscious processes
What can impact braking, anticipation of events, and increase the chance of accidents?
The use of cellphones while driving
What have all Canadian provinces adopted regarding the use of cellphones while driving?
A ban on the use of cellphones while driving
According to Sigmund Freud, how many levels of awareness did he propose?
Three
At what age do infants typically start recognizing themselves in a mirror?
18 months
What type of processing involves effortful attention and conscious effort?
Controlled processing
What is the main criticism behaviorists have about Freud's model?
It lacks empirical evidence
What do cognitive psychologists view conscious and unconscious mental life as?
Complementary forms of information processing
What is the main consequence of automatic processing?
Limited problem-solving approaches
What does divided attention allow individuals to do?
Perform more than one activity at the same time
In what situation can divided attention have serious negative consequences?
When tasks require similar mental resources
What do cognitive psychologists reject the notion of?
Unconscious mind driven by instinctive urges
How do cognitive psychologists view the cognitive unconscious?
As a support service, working in harmony with conscious thoughts
What is consciousness defined as in psychology?
Moment-to-moment awareness of oneself and the environment
How do scientists measure consciousness?
Through self-report, physiological, and behavioral measures
What has renewed interest in understanding consciousness?
The resurgence of cognitive and biological perspectives in psychology
What is a central component of our sense of self according to William James?
Consciousness
What are examples of practices inducing altered states of consciousness?
Sufi religious ceremony in Istanbul and Buddhist meditation
What does Lee Hadwin create while sleepwalking?
Pencil drawings and works of fantasy
How long does Lee Hadwin routinely draw for at night while sleepwalking?
20 to 90 minutes
What has Lee Hadwin listed his 100-piece collection for sale on?
eBay for $1.9 million
What is consciousness closely linked to?
Selective attention
How do scientists identify different stages of sleep?
EEG recordings
What has renewed interest in unraveling the puzzles of consciousness?
Resurgence of cognitive and biological perspectives in psychology
What was the 'Great Project' of psychology's founding in the late 1800s?
Scientifically unraveling some of the mysteries of consciousness
Which disorder is among the least understood according to the text?
Vegetative state
Which study demonstrated that subliminally presented words can influence mood without conscious awareness?
Chartrand and Bargh's study
What is visual agnosia?
Inability to visually recognize objects despite intact nonconscious visual pathways
What does the modular model of mind suggest about consciousness?
It arises from separate but interacting information-processing modules in the brain
What do patients with blindsight demonstrate?
Visual information can be processed and influence behavior outside of conscious awareness
How is consciousness viewed according to neuroscientists?
As a global workspace representing the unified activity of multiple brain modules
What is the unified activity of multiple modules in different areas of the brain representing?
Consciousness
According to the text, what did some argue against Owen's conclusion about patients in a vegetative state?
Their responses are attributed to involuntary reflexes
What did Kate Bainbridge express gratitude for, according to the text?
Being tested by Adrian Owen and discovering her condition
What do some neuroscientists believe about the mind?
It is viewed as a collection of separate but interacting modules that process information in parallel
What did some patients in a vegetative state demonstrate according to the text?
Awareness of their surroundings and ability to communicate using proper techniques
What is the neural basis of consciousness and how brain activity produces consciousness according to the text?
Still not fully understood
Study Notes
Understanding Consciousness and Disorders of Consciousness
- Some argue against Owen’s conclusion that patients in a vegetative state are conscious, attributing their responses to involuntary reflexes.
- Disorders of consciousness, including vegetative state, are among the least understood disorders.
- Chartrand and Bargh's study demonstrated that subliminally presented words can influence mood without conscious awareness.
- The neural basis of consciousness and how brain activity produces consciousness are still not fully understood.
- Some patients in a vegetative state may be aware of their surroundings and able to communicate using proper techniques.
- A patient in a vegetative state, Kate Bainbridge, expressed gratitude for being tested by Adrian Owen and discovering her condition.
- Visual agnosia, illustrated by the case of D.F., is an inability to visually recognize objects despite intact nonconscious visual pathways.
- The modular model of mind suggests that consciousness arises from separate but interacting information-processing modules in the brain.
- Patients with blindsight demonstrate that visual information can be processed and influence behavior outside of conscious awareness.
- Neuroscientists believe that consciousness is a global workspace representing the unified activity of multiple brain modules.
- The mind is viewed as a collection of separate but interacting modules that process information in parallel, with cross-talk between them.
- Consciousness is considered to be the unified activity of multiple modules in different areas of the brain, representing a global workspace.
Test your knowledge of consciousness and disorders of consciousness with this quiz. Explore topics such as vegetative state, neural basis of consciousness, visual agnosia, blindsight, and the modular model of mind. Delve into the latest scientific understanding and controversies surrounding consciousness and its disorders.
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