Neurology
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the posterior horns in the spinal cord?

  • Regulation of posture
  • Motor function
  • Regulation of muscle tone
  • Sensory function (correct)
  • What is the role of the intermediolateral horns in the spinal cord?

  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent (correct)
  • Motor function
  • Sensory function
  • Regulation of muscle tone
  • What is the function of the basal ganglia in the motor system?

  • Regulation of muscle tone
  • Regulation of postural reflexes
  • Regulation of voluntary motor activity
  • Initiation of movements (correct)
  • What is the term for neurons that transmit signals from the anterior horn cells to muscles?

    <p>Lower motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for neurons that transmit signals from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord?

    <p>Upper motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord?

    <p>Transmission of motor signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definities e Mechanismos Cellular de Generation de Crise

    • Epilepsia es un gruppo de desordines neural que affecta circa 1% de la population mundial.

    Classification Clinical de Epilepsia

    • Acute symptomatic causes:
      • Fluidos e electrolytos: Na+, Ca+, Mg+
      • Disordines metabolic: coma diabetico, coma hipoglicemic, uremia, hipotiroidismo, alkalosis, deficiente de B6
      • Medicamentos e toxinios
      • Stroke e lesions cerebral
      • Infectiones del sistema nervous central (CNS)
    • Remote symptomatic causes:
      • Lesiones cerebral traumatic
      • Infectiones del CNS
      • Tumoros cerebral
      • Vascular malformations

    Medicamentos que Pode Causar Crises

    • Antibioticos: penicilinas, cefalosporinas, quinolonas, amphotericina, fluconazol, isoniazida, zidovudina
    • Medicamentos cardiovascular: lignocaina (intravenosa), procaina
    • Antidepressivos: antidepressivos triciclicos, litio, fenotiazinas, baclofeno, clozapina
    • Antipsychoticos: cocaina, amantadina, antimuscarinicos
    • Altres medicamentos CNS: metilfenidato, aminofillina, cafeina, teofillina

    Factores de Precipitation

    • Reflexly inducido: epilepsy photosensible
    • Factores no specifics:
      • Deprivation de sono
      • Stress psicologic
      • Ante menstruation
      • Medicamentos estrogen
      • Hipoglicemia
      • Deficiente de B6
      • Medicamentos psicotropic
      • Desbalance electrolytic

    Predictors de Mal Outcome (intractabilidad)

    • Edad de inicio precoce
    • Frequencia alta de crises
    • Presencia de lesiones cerebral
    • Mal resposta a tratamento

    Caracteristicas Clinicas de Epilepsia

    • (i) Crises partial
      • Simple partial seizures
      • Complex partial seizure (TLE, psychomotor)
      • Partial seizure 2ry generalized
    • (ii) Crises generalized
      • Petit mal
      • Grand mal
      • Tonic seizure
      • Clonic seizure
      • Tonic clonic seizure
      • Atonic seizure
      • Myoclonic seizure
    • (iii) Sindicatos de Crises Special
      • Convulsiones febrils
      • Spasmos infantiles (sindrome de West)

    Anatomical Features of the Nervous System

    • Le systema nervosa ha duo divisiones principal: le Systema Nervosa Central (SNC) e le Systema Nervosa Peripheric (SNP)
    • Le SNC es le cerebro e le medulla spinal, ambe encapsulate in ossa (cranio e columna vertebral) con coverturas protective (meninges) e spatios de fluido (CSF)

    Le Cerebro

    • Le cerebro es circa 2% del peso total del corpore, contenente miliardos de neuronas (cellulas nervosas)
    • Le cerebro es dividite in tres partes: cerebro, tronco cerebral, e cerebello
    • Le cortex cerebral es dividite functionalmente e anatomicamente in lobes e areas de function specific

    Le Cortex Cerebral

    • Le lobo frontal: concernite se con le control del movements, contiene areas de motor, premotor, centro de parla, e areas de movimento oculare volontari
    • Le lobo parietal: concernite se con le sensation, contiene areas de sensation cortical
    • Le lobo temporal: concernite se con le audition, contiene areas de audition cortical
    • Le lobo occipital: concernite se con le vision, contiene areas de vision cortical

    Le Tronco Cerebral

    • Le tronco cerebral consiste de tres partes: mesencephalo, ponte, e medulla
    • Contiene structuras importante como nuclei de nervos cranial, substantia nigra, nucleus rubro, e formation reticular
    • Le tronco cerebral es importante pro le control del movements, le somn, le conscientia, e le memoria

    Le Cerebello

    • Le cerebello es dividite anatomicamente in duo hemisferios que son connectite per le vermis
    • Le cerebello es dividite functionalmente in tres divisiones: arcierebello (concernite se con le equilibrium), paleocerebello (concernite se con le tono muscular), e neocerebello (concernite se con le coordination de movements fines)

    Le Medulla Spinal

    • Le medulla spinal es un structura elongate, circa 42-45 cm longe in adultos
    • Le medulla spinal es dividite in 31 segments, con duo enlargementos cervical e lumbar
    • Le grey matter del medulla spinal consiste de 2 cornos posteriori "sensory" e 2 cornos anteriori "motor", con horns intermediolateral in le regiones thoracic e sacral

    Le Systema Nervosa Peripheric

    • Le SNP consiste de nervos cranial con lor nuclei, cellulas de hornero anterior (AHC), nervos spinal, nervos peripheric, junturas neuromuscular, e musculos

    Organisation del Movimentos in le Systema Motor

    • Le corticospinal tracto "tracto pyramidal, upper motor neuron"
    • Le ganglios basal
    • Le cerebello
    • Le lower motor neuron
    • Lesiones in le basal ganglia → akinesia o bradykinesia
    • Lesiones in le cerebello → unsteady, hypotonia, ataxic movements

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    Description

    Dr. Mahmoud Abdelhafiz's lecture on neurology, focusing on the cellular mechanisms of seizure generation, clinical classification, etiology, and acute symptomatic causes of epilepsy.

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