Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following regions in the adult brain is a source of neurogenesis?
Which of the following regions in the adult brain is a source of neurogenesis?
What are neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of?
What are neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of?
What is NOT a marker for progenitor cells in the spinal cord?
What is NOT a marker for progenitor cells in the spinal cord?
Which extrinsic signals are involved in neurogenesis?
Which extrinsic signals are involved in neurogenesis?
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Which cell types are considered adult retinal stem cells?
Which cell types are considered adult retinal stem cells?
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Which of the following is a marker of the intermediate proliferating cells in neurogenesis?
Which of the following is a marker of the intermediate proliferating cells in neurogenesis?
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In which part of the CNS do adult neural stem cells primarily reside in a self-renewable state?
In which part of the CNS do adult neural stem cells primarily reside in a self-renewable state?
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What function do astrocytes serve in the CNS?
What function do astrocytes serve in the CNS?
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Which cell type is primarily responsible for the supportive functions in the central nervous system?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for the supportive functions in the central nervous system?
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What is a major role of microglia in the nervous system?
What is a major role of microglia in the nervous system?
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Which of the following functions is NOT associated with astrocytes?
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with astrocytes?
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Adult neurogenesis primarily occurs in which region of the brain?
Adult neurogenesis primarily occurs in which region of the brain?
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Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by inhibitory neurons, such as those expressing parvalbumin?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by inhibitory neurons, such as those expressing parvalbumin?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between neuronal activity and protein synthesis at synapses?
Which statement best describes the relationship between neuronal activity and protein synthesis at synapses?
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Microglial cells can become activated in response to which condition?
Microglial cells can become activated in response to which condition?
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Which therapeutic approach is suggested for managing memory-related disorders?
Which therapeutic approach is suggested for managing memory-related disorders?
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Which type of glial cell in the CNS is primarily responsible for the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier?
Which type of glial cell in the CNS is primarily responsible for the formation and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier?
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Which function is NOT associated with astrocytes?
Which function is NOT associated with astrocytes?
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What is the primary role of microglia in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is the primary role of microglia in the central nervous system (CNS)?
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What distinguishes ependymal cells from other glial cell types in the CNS?
What distinguishes ependymal cells from other glial cell types in the CNS?
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What percentage of the CNS volume is occupied by glial cells?
What percentage of the CNS volume is occupied by glial cells?
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Which of the following best describes the process of neurogenesis in the adult CNS?
Which of the following best describes the process of neurogenesis in the adult CNS?
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What is the function of oligoendrocytes in the CNS?
What is the function of oligoendrocytes in the CNS?
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How do microglia respond to areas of injury in the CNS?
How do microglia respond to areas of injury in the CNS?
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Study Notes
Neurogenesis in the CNS
- The No New Neurons Dogma was the idea that neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons, ceased after birth.
- However, studies in adult rats found cells in the hippocampus actively producing DNA.
- Neural stem cells (NSCs) are derived from the nervous system and can generate neural tissue.
- NSCs can differentiate through asymmetric cell division and have the capacity for self-renewal.
Location of NSCs in the CNS
- The spinal progenitor cells of the mammalian developing brain are concentrated in seven areas.
- The following zones contain NSCs in the adult brain:
- The subventricular zone (SVZ)
- The subgranular zone (SGZ)
### Adult Neurogenesis
- The SVZ is found along the lateral ventricles (LVs).
- The SGZ is found along the dentate gyrus (DG).
- NSCs exist in a quiescent state before they differentiate through a process that includes intermediate proliferating cells (IPCs).
Neuroglia (Glia)
- Glial cells account for half of the CNS cell volume, smaller than neurons, are 5-50 times more numerous, and do not generate electrical impulses.
- Glia divide by mitosis.
- Glia are categorized into four types:
- Astrocytes
- Oligodendrocytes
- Microglia
- Ependymal cells
Microglia
- Microglia are small cells derived from mesodermal cells, found near blood vessels, and perform phagocytosis.
- They are responsible for clearing away dead cells, protecting the CNS from disease, and clearing debris after injury.
Astrocytes
- Astrocytes are the largest and most numerous of the glial cells.
- Their star shape has many processes that project from the cell body.
- They help form the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support for neurons.
- Astrocytes are involved in regulating the chemical environment.
- They regulate nutrient and ion concentrations for neurons, take up excess neurotransmitters, and assist in neuronal migration.
Oligodendrocytes
- The most common glial cell type.
- Each Oligodendrocyte forms a myelin sheath around axons in the CNS.
- They also form supportive networks around CNS neurons.
- They are round or oval cells that have fewer fibers than astrocytes.
Ependymal Cells
- Ependymal cells are epithelial cells arranged in a single layer.
- They range in shape from cuboidal to columnar and form the lining of the cerebral cavities (ventricles) and the central canal.
- Their primary function is to produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- CSF is the colorless liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against injury, carries oxygen, glucose and other nutrients, and removes waste.
PNS: Satellite Cells
- Satellite cells are flat cells around axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- They support PNS neurons.
PNS: Schwann Cells
- Schwann cells surround unmyelinated PNS axons with a single layer of membrane. They produce parts of the myelin sheath around PNS axons.
- They contribute to the regeneration of PNS axons.
### Proteins in the Brain
- The brain has 3-4 times higher protein synthesis rates than skeletal muscle.
### Neuronal Activity and Synaptic translation
- Neuronal activity induces local translation at synapses.
### Memory in Aging and Neurological Diseases
- Research is being conducted to understand memory in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, looking for new drug therapies and gene therapies.
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Description
Explore the fascinating concepts of neurogenesis, neural stem cells, and their locations within the central nervous system. Learn about the history of neurogenesis, especially the no new neurons dogma, and the unique roles of the subventricular and subgranular zones. This quiz will test your understanding of how neuroglia supports CNS functions.
