Annexe : Neural Crest and Schwann Cell Precursors

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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the structure currently known as the neural crest?

  • Zwischenstrang (correct)
  • Neural tube
  • Neural plate
  • Somite

Which cells are involved in the spreading of innervation throughout the body?

  • Schwann cell precursors (correct)
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Neurons

What is a key role of Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) in the peripheral nervous system?

  • Secretion of neurotransmitters
  • Migration along nerve fibers (correct)
  • Synapse formation
  • Formation of myelin sheaths

What is NOT a non-canonical role of the peripheral nervous system mentioned?

<p>Control of blood vessel formation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described as a pre-SCP, according to the text?

<p>SOX10+ cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the experiment described in the text with Htpa-Cre/R26RDTA mouse embryos suggest about peripheral nerve growth?

<p>Peripheral nerves are not dependent on Schwann cell precursors for growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) considered multipotent?

<p>They are capable of differentiating into many different cell types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of this article?

<p>The origin and function of Schwann cell precursors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing feature of SCPs that sets them apart from neural crest cells?

<p>They associate with peripheral nerves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does gene expression change during the transition from neural crest cells to SCPs?

<p>The transition involves a gradual change in gene expression, with SCPs gradually acquiring more Schwann cell-specific genes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the statement "vertebrate development is not synchronized along the anterior-posterior axis" as it relates to neural crest cells?

<p>This suggests that neural crest cells do not always delaminate from the neural tube simultaneously. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is BFABP and how does it demonstrate the transition to Schwann cells?

<p>BFABP is a gene that appears in nerves as early as E10.5, indicating the early development of Schwann cell characteristics within SCPs. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What markers are mentioned as indicating the premigratory state of a neural crest cell?

<p>No markers are mentioned for the premigratory state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in defining the transition from neural crest cells to SCPs?

<p>The lack of a distinct gene expression change that clearly marks the transition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible fates of neural crest cells after they migrate from the dorsal neural tube?

<p>They differentiate into various cell types, including sensory ganglia, skin, and peripheral nerves. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific gene becomes apparent in the nerves of the cranial region as early as E10.5?

<p>BFABP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is not directly involved in the formation of sensory ganglia?

<p>Coalescence of neural crest cells around the dorsal aorta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of EPHB2 receptor activation by EFNB2 on Schwann cells during nerve regeneration?

<p>Promotes formation of Schwann cell progenitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Sox2 in the process of nerve regeneration?

<p>Sox2 regulates the distribution of N-cadherin, which guides axonal regrowth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of BC cells?

<p>Located in the central nervous system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely mechanism for the contribution of satellite glial cells (SG cells) to pain development?

<p>SG cells modulate the activity of other neurons involved in pain pathways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of TGF-beta-EPHB2 crosstalk in nerve regeneration?

<p>Plays a crucial role in the reprogramming of Schwann cells into progenitors and their subsequent migration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of the current research in the field?

<p>Limited understanding of the similarity between fate-specifying mechanisms of neural crest cells and nerve-associated SCPs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best summarizes the key function of N-cadherin in nerve regeneration?

<p>N-cadherin facilitates the accurate re-growth of axons by guiding their movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, during the evolution of animals, what might have been the driving force for the development of neural crest-like cells along the nerves in larger organisms?

<p>The need for cells to migrate outside the central nervous system for various developmental purposes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the low cell number in the Amphioxus neural tube compared to other animals?

<p>It highlights the ability of <em>Amphioxus</em> cells to compensate with late proliferative activity and multipotency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a proposed function of pigmentation in animals, according to the text?

<p>Hormone production. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the content suggest about the evolution of external photosensory organs?

<p>They likely evolved from cells migrating out of the central nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a potential cell type derived from multipotent progenitors migrating outside the CNS?

<p>Muscle cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential reason for the formation of Schwannomas in patients with neurofibromatosis types I and II?

<p>The tumors are derived from Schwann cell precursors that have been transformed into cancerous cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between type I neurofibromas and Schwannomas?

<p>Type I neurofibromas are composed of a wider variety of cell types, including fibroblasts, mast cells, and melanocytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument presented in the text about the evolution of neural crest cells?

<p>Neural crest cells evolved in a gradual process, with an intermediate multipotent cell type emerging first. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the observed migratory behavior of CNS progenitors in tunicates?

<p>It suggests that the neural crest may have evolved from CNS-derived cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between the dissemination strategy of neural crest cells and the migratory behavior of CNS progenitors in tunicates?

<p>Neural crest cells only migrate through specific pathways, whereas CNS progenitors can migrate freely along nerves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What evolutionary advantage does the repositioning of pigmented photosensory structures from the CNS to the periphery offer?

<p>Improved light detection by placing the photoreceptors in a more exposed position. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are Hesse ocelli in Amphioxus similar to pigmented cells in tunicates?

<p>Both structures are pigmented and exhibit photosensitivity, suggesting a potential connection to the origin of the neural crest. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding CNS-derived cells in tunicates?

<p>They can migrate short distances and generate specialized afferent neurons at the periphery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of melanocytes and melanophores expressing melanopsins and components of the phototransduction cascade?

<p>It suggests a potential connection between melanocytes and classical photoreceptors, strengthening the link to the emergence of the neural crest. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the proposed evolutionary scenario suggested by the authors regarding the formation of the proto-neural crest?

<p>The formation of the proto-neural crest was a consequence of intra-CNS pigmented photosensory structures being repositioned to the periphery. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of Twist in neural crest development?

<p>Twist is a gene that plays a crucial role in the formation of the neural crest cell lineage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a plausible explanation for the presence of melanotic schwannoma?

<p>The tumor originates from melanocytes, a cell type with similar origins to SCPs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome of the SCP population's multipotency?

<p>Differentiation into astrocytes, forming the central nervous system's support cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the research discussed, which would be a suitable method for investigating the potential role of SCPs in the development of parasympathetic ganglia?

<p>All of the above options are suitable methods for investigating the role of SCPs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided information, which of the following is a key characteristic of the development of parasympathetic neurons?

<p>The origins of parasympathetic neurons are the same as Schwann Cells, originating from SCPs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study focusing on the development of parasympathetic ganglia provides evidence for which of the following concepts?

<p>The development of the peripheral nervous system is more complex than previously understood, with SCPs taking a more active role (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study's findings about parasympathetic ganglia development suggests the possibility of applications for?

<p>Targeting SCPs to regenerate peripheral nerve fibers in cases of injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the research on SCPs and their multipotent nature, what could be a further area of investigation?

<p>All of the above are valid areas for further research (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The research discussed throws light on which important aspect of developmental biology?

<p>All of the above are important aspects highlighted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Wilhelm His

Father of the microtome and the neural crest concept.

Schwann Cell Precursors (SCPs)

Neural crest-derived cells associated with developing nerve fibers.

Multipotency

The ability of a cell to differentiate into multiple cell types.

Peripheral Nervous System

The portion of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.

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Niche

The specific environment where a stem cell resides and develops.

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Stem Cell Niche Control

Regulation of the environment that supports stem cell behavior.

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SOX10+ Cells

Post-migratory cells that help guide nerves in the facial region.

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Non-canonical roles

Functions that are not part of the primary expectations for a tissue or cell type.

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Ephrin-B2

A signaling molecule secreted by fibroblasts that binds to the EPHB2 receptor.

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EPHB2 receptor

A receptor on Schwann cells that interacts with Ephrin-B2.

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Mouse BC cells

Cells that express multipotent characteristics and can differentiate into various cell types.

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N-cadherin re-distribution

A process regulated by SOX2 that helps in the migration of progenitor-like cells.

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Schwann cell reprogramming

The process where Schwann cells transform into progenitor cells that can migrate during healing.

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Satellite glial cells (SG cells)

Cells located in the peripheral nervous system ganglia that support nerve function.

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Sensory ganglion formation

The development of a group of sensory neurons crucial for signal processing from the body.

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Neural Crest Cells

Cells that form a source of diverse cell types during vertebrate development.

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Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition

A process where epithelial cells change to migratory mesenchymal cells.

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Delamination

The process by which neural crest cells separate from the neural tube.

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Krox20 (Egr2)

A transcription factor upregulated in premigratory neural crest cells.

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SCPs

Schwann Cell Precursor cells, transitional cells in the nerve pathway.

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Mature Schwann Cells

Final differentiated cells that support nerve conduction in peripheral nerves.

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Gene Regulatory Network

A collection of molecular regulators that interact to regulate gene expression levels.

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Premigratory State

The initial condition of neural crest cells before they migrate.

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CNS Progenitor Cells

Stem cells in the central nervous system that can develop into various neural cell types.

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Ectopic Expression of Twist

The experimental activation of the Twist gene in non-native cells to induce changes in behavior.

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Neural Crest

A group of cells that arise from the embryonic ectoderm and can migrate to form various structures.

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Pigmented Melanocytes

Cells that produce melanin and are involved in pigmentation, often linked with UV sensitivity.

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Photosensitivity

The ability of cells to respond to light, a feature of certain CNS-residing pigmented cells.

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Neural Crest Fate Induction

The process by which neural crest cells are specified from progenitor cells during development.

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Phototransduction Cascade

The sequence of biochemical events in response to light stimulation in cells.

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Parasympathetic Neurons

Neurons that originate from nerve-associated peripheral glial progenitors.

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Glial Progenitors

Cells that give rise to glial cells, which support and protect neurons.

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Schwann Cell Precursors

Cells that can differentiate into Schwann cells, important for nerve myelination.

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Melanotic Schwannoma

A rare tumor originating from Schwann cells that contain melanin.

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Cell Fate Choice

The process by which stem cells decide to become one type of cell or another.

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Melanocyte

A cell that produces melanin, affecting skin and hair color.

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Neurodevelopment

The process by which the nervous system forms and matures.

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Neural Crest Formation

The process through which multipotent progenitor cells develop into various cell types, including sensory neurons and glia.

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Multipotent Progenitor Cells

Cells capable of developing into multiple different cell types during embryonic development.

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Migratory Neural Crest-like Cells

Cells that can move and differentiate similar to neural crest cells, possibly evolving first during development.

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Schwannomas

Tumors that commonly arise from Schwann cells and are associated with neurofibromatosis.

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Neurofibromatosis Type 1

A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of tumors along nerves, including neurofibromas.

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Embryonic Neural Tube

The structure from which the central nervous system develops, initially consisting of fewer cells in simpler organisms.

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Ocelli Function

Small visual organs that may lose function over time, related to sensory processing.

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Pigmentation in Neurofibromatosis

The role of pigmentation in skin health, including camouflage and UV protection in neurofibromatosis.

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Study Notes

Schwann Cell Precursor (SCP) Overview

  • SCPs are multipotent embryonic progenitors associated with peripheral nerves
  • They migrate along nerves, reaching various locations in the embryo
  • SCPs differentiate into diverse cell types: mature Schwann cells, neuroendocrine cells, autonomic neurons, melanocytes, and others
  • SCPs display similarities to neural crest cells, suggesting a possible evolutionary relationship.
  • SCPs function extends beyond nerve guidance, playing a role in neurovascular alignment and tissue interactions.

Non-Canonical Functions of SCPs

  • SCPs aren't strictly required for nerve outgrowth
  • They proliferate on nerve surfaces, spreading throughout the developing embryo alongside nerves.
  • Exceptions exist, such as in the facial region, where pre-SCPs (SOX10+ cells) shape nerve pathways.
  • Early SCP function is linked to nerve-tissue interactions, rather than just neuronal development.
  • These include neurovascular alignment, guided by CXCL12 and VEGF, molecules secreted by SCPs.

SCP-Dependent Cell Types

  • SCPs are capable of generating melanocytes (pigment cells), even in locations other than skin.
  • This suggests that nerve-associated SCPs may be a source for various internal melanocytes and likely play a role in melanoma.
  • In addition to neurons/melanocytes, SCPs also contribute to parasympathetic and neuroendocrine cell development.
  • SCPs contribute to the development of adrenal medulla chromaffin cells.
  • Another potential lineage of SCPs generating cells is mesenchymal cells like dental MSCs, and bone marrow cells.

SCP Plasticity and Evolution

  • SCPs exhibit high plasticity, differentiating into numerous cell types
  • This similarity has sparked discussion about the evolutionary relationship between CNS glial and peripheral glial cells.
  • SCP differentiation can resemble oligodendrocyte development in the central nervous system.
  • Some hypothesize that myelination ability initially evolved at the periphery, then integrated into the CNS to enhance signal transmission speed.

Neural Crest & Boundary Cap Cells

  • Boundary cap (BC) stem cells, a subtype of nerve-associated cells, are located at points where peripheral nerves pass the central nervous system border
  • BC cells have high multipotency, generating various sensory neurons, satellite cells, and specialized glial cells in skin tissues.
  • These cells have markers (SOX10, FOXD3, etc.) common with peripheral glial cells.
  • Early steps of SCP development might resemble neural crest cell characteristics and dispersal modes.
  • The existence of nerve-associated neural crest-like cells that spread via nerves may be an early step in the evolution of neural crest cell properties.

Therapeutic Implications

  • Neural crest-related diseases (neurofibromatosis, leprosy, specific types of melanomas) are associated with SCPs
  • Schwannomas (benign tumors derived from Schwann cells) are discussed
  • SCP plasticity provides opportunities for nerve regeneration and other therapeutic applications

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