Neural Crest Cells Differentiation
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Questions and Answers

At what stage of development does the spinal cord extend the entire length of the embryo?

  • Second month
  • At birth
  • Third month (correct)
  • Fifth month

    • At the 24th week of gestation, where does the lower part of the spinal cord end?

  • L1 Vertebrae
  • S2 Vertebrae
  • L3 Vertebrae
  • S1 Vertebrae (correct)

    • What is the fate of the lower part of the spinal cord at birth?

  • Ends at L3 Vertebrae (correct)
  • Ends at L5 Vertebrae
  • Ends at S1 Vertebrae
  • Ends at L1 Vertebrae

    • Which part of the neural tube is the brain an enlarged version of?

    <p>Cranial part (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following brain structures is a direct continuation of the spinal cord?

    <p>Brainstem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which secondary brain vesicle develops into the pons?

    <p>Metencephalon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of brain differentiation reflects almost none of the basic pattern?

    <p>Higher centers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the distinct plates present in the brainstem?

    <p>Alar and basal plates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of spongioblasts in spinal cord development?

    <p>They form part of the neuroglial cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In spinal cord development, where do neuroblasts migrate to?

    <p>The mantle zone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the classical theory, what do remaining matrix cells differentiate into after histogenesis?

    <p>Ependymal cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells form a pseudostratified neuroepithelium during spinal cord development?

    <p>Pluripotent neuroepithelial cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to some central processes of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) during spinal cord development?

    <p>They ascend in the marginal zone. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone of the developing spinal cord is expected to become the future gray matter?

    <p>Mantle zone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflects different phases of development in the pseudostratified neuroepithelium?

    <p>Zonal appearance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms as the spinal cord develops from the neural tube?

    <p>A caudal elongated part. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the Pontine Flexure on the Rhombencephalon?

    <p>It creates a flattening of the Rhombencephalon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the outcome of folding in brain development?

    <p>Folding leads to the lateral positioning of Alar Laminae relative to Basal Laminae. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Median Foramina of Magendie in brain development?

    <p>It forms during the flattening of the Rhombencephalon. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of the Alar Laminae during the formation of the brain flexures?

    <p>They undergo a displacement to become lateral compared to Basal Laminae due to folding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the folding during embryologic development affect the structure of the brain?

    <p>It causes a rearrangement of brain layers, resulting in significant structural changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tissues are derived from neural crest cells?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the clinical correlations associated with defective neural tube development?

    <p>Anencephaly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following differentiates directly from neural crest cells?

    <p>Schwann cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are NOT typically formed from neural crest cell differentiation?

    <p>Lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ectodermal placodes arise from which type of ectoderm?

    <p>Common panplacodal ectoderm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural defect is associated with anencephaly?

    <p>Absent vault of the skull (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of neural crest cells?

    <p>Development of cardiac valves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a notable feature of brain development in cases of anencephaly?

    <p>Mass of degenerated tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of all motor nuclei in the brainstem?

    <p>Functional columns of the basal plate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of pheochromocytomas?

    <p>They typically result in excessive release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of development does mitotic activity within neural tissue complete?

    <p>Prenatal development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about neuron development is true?

    <p>Neurons initially grow and specialize in the early postnatal years. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do most pheochromocytomas occur?

    <p>In the adrenal medulla (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sensory nucleus is derived from the alar plate?

    <p>Special Somatic Afferent (SSA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are associated with pheochromocytomas due to excess catecholamines?

    <p>Paroxysmal episodes of hypertension and headaches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the nervous system develop after prenatal development?

    <p>It continues to grow and specialize during the early years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neural Crest Cells Differentiation

    • Neural crest cells migrate and differentiate into various tissues and organs throughout the body.
    • They contribute to the formation of several structures:
      • Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells
      • Sensory ganglia of cranial nerves (CN)
      • Autonomic ganglia
      • Adrenal medulla
      • Chromaffin tissue
      • Melanocytes
      • Schwann cells

    Clinical Correlation: Anencephaly

    • Anencephaly is associated with failure of the cephalic neural tube to close, leading to severe developmental defects.
    • It results in the absence of the vault of the skull and degeneration of brain tissue.

    Formation of Ectodermal Placodes

    • Ectodermal placodes arise from the common panplacodal ectoderm, surrounding the anterior neural plate and neural crest.
    • Differentiation of placodes leads to diverse developmental fates, including spongioblasts that become neuroglial cells.
    • Neuroblasts migrate to the mantle zone and form the gray matter of the spinal cord, while their axons enter the marginal zone, forming white matter.

    Development of the Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord develops from the elongated caudal part of the neural tube.
    • Spinal nerves exit the tube obliquely, reaching the intervertebral foramina by the third month of development.
    • By the 24th week, the vertebral column grows faster than the spinal cord, resulting in the lower cord ending at the S1 vertebra.
    • At birth, the lower cord reaches the L3 vertebra, while in adults, it terminates at the level of L1-L2.

    Development of the Brain

    • The brain develops from the enlarged cranial segment of the neural tube, initially splitting into various parts:
      • Brainstem, with distinct motor and sensory plates:
        • Myelencephalon giving rise to the medulla
        • Metencephalon forming the pons
        • Mesencephalon as the midbrain
    • Higher brain centers exhibit different patterns compared to the basic structure of the brainstem.

    Brain Flexures

    • The primitive brain features three main flexures during development:
      • Pontine flexure located at the middle of the rhombencephalon (hindbrain).
    • The folding leads to:
      • Flattening of the rhombencephalon and a buckling effect.
      • Displacement of the alar laminae lateral to the basal laminae.

    Clinical Correlates

    • Motor nuclei in the brainstem arise from the basal plate, whereas sensory nuclei are derived from the alar plate.
    • Mitotic activity in neural tissue concludes during prenatal development, meaning individuals are born with a predefined number of neurons.
    • Postnatal growth and specialization of nervous tissue continue, particularly in the early years of life.

    Pheochromocytomas

    • Rare tumors originating from chromaffin cells can cause excessive release of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
    • Symptoms include episodes of hypertension, increased heart rate, and headaches.
    • Most tumors occur in the adrenal medulla, with around 10% found in other abdominal sites.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating journey of neural crest cells as they migrate and differentiate into various tissues and organs throughout the body. This quiz highlights their roles in forming essential structures like Schwann cells, adrenal medulla, and autonomic ganglia. Test your knowledge on their origin and contributions!

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