Peripheral Nervous System 2.2A
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the spinal cord gray matter is responsible for sensory input?

  • Lateral horn
  • Anterior horn
  • Central canal
  • Posterior horn (correct)

    • Where do the cell bodies of peripheral motor neurons reside?

  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Dorsal root ganglion
  • Anterior and lateral horns of the gray matter (correct)
  • Central canal

    • What is the primary function of the lateral horn in the spinal cord?

  • Autonomic output (correct)
  • Sensory input
  • Cerebrospinal fluid storage
  • Motor output

    • Which meningeal layer is described as the 'soft mother'?

    <p>Pia mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contained within the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the denticulate ligaments play in relation to the spinal cord?

    <p>Anchoring and stabilizing the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal nerve contains the cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons?

    <p>Dorsal root ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the dura mater?

    <p>To protect the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

    <p>Controls and integrates bodily activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily part of the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the sympathetic nervous system primarily facilitate?

    <p>Fight, flight, or fright responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Facilitating voluntary movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nerve messages belong to the sensory functions of the PNS?

    <p>Messages from viscera and enteroceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about cranial nerves is true?

    <p>They extend directly out of the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is associated with 'rest and digest' functions?

    <p>Parasympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the posterior/dorsal root?

    <p>Sensory function only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal nerve is responsible for motor signals?

    <p>Anterior/ventral root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do spinal nerves primarily provide to the muscles and skin?

    <p>Motor and sensory innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are spinal nerves compared to trees in the provided analogy?

    <p>Spinal nerves have roots and trunk-like structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a motor unit defined as?

    <p>One neuron that innervates several muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are included in the structure of spinal nerves?

    <p>Rootlets, rami, and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the anterior/ventral ramus?

    <p>Supplies both motor and sensory information to the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the functions of the dorsal and ventral roots?

    <p>Dorsal roots carry sensory information while ventral roots carry motor information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for pupillary constriction?

    <p>Oculomotor nerve (CN III)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is involved in the production of tears?

    <p>Facial nerve (CN VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autonomic function is associated with the vagus nerve (CN X)?

    <p>Control of bronchi and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?

    <p>Taste from the posterior tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which terms best describe the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

    <p>Fight or flight, rest and digest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of plexuses in relation to peripheral nerves?

    <p>To combine and separate fibers from multiple spinal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding dermatomes?

    <p>A single spinal nerve typically innervates a specific area of skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerves contribute to the formation of the radial nerve?

    <p>C5-T1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do peripheral nerves differ from spinal nerves?

    <p>Peripheral nerves are formed by spinal nerves combining and separating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of skin is specifically innervated by the fibers from C6?

    <p>Part of the hand and forearm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical structure is referred to as the 'horse’s tail' in relation to the spinal cord?

    <p>Cauda equina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what vertebral level does the spinal cord typically terminate?

    <p>L1-L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the filum terminale?

    <p>Anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which areas of the body does the cauda equina innervate?

    <p>Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which levels do sympathetic neurons arise from the lateral horn of the spinal cord?

    <p>T1 – L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Conus medularis' refer to?

    <p>The tapered end of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the sympathetic trunk in the nervous system?

    <p>To carry sympathetic signals throughout the periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of signals do the sympathetic neurons primarily convey?

    <p>Sympathetic signals for fight, flight, or fright</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From which areas do neurons descend or ascend in the sympathetic trunk?

    <p>From the spinal cord at every level between T1 and L2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord is specifically involved in autonomic output?

    <p>Lateral horn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of plexuses in the nervous system?

    <p>To combine spinal nerve fibers from multiple levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes dermatomes?

    <p>They are mapped according to individual spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal nerves combine to form the radial nerve?

    <p>C5-T1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature characterizes peripheral nerves formed from plexuses?

    <p>They consist of fibers from multiple spinal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the mixing of spinal nerves within plexuses?

    <p>Creation of peripheral nerves with varied dermatomal contributions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Spinal Nerves and Cranial Nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'fight, flight, or fright' responses?

    <p>Sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of control does the somatic nervous system provide for skeletal muscles?

    <p>Voluntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of cranial nerves?

    <p>They extend directly from the brain, connecting to various body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Regulating involuntary organ functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects a major function of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Controls and integrates bodily activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the anatomical overview of the nervous system components?

    <p>Functional Overview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the somatic nervous system primarily classified within the broader nervous system?

    <p>As a division of the peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for the production of saliva in the parotid gland?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vagus nerve (CN X) in the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To regulate the heart and bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is associated with the facial nerve (CN VII)?

    <p>Taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is primarily involved in the autonomic response related to pupillary constriction?

    <p>Oculomotor nerve (CN III)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for taste, particularly from the anterior portion of the tongue?

    <p>Facial nerve (CN VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System

    • The brain and spinal cord are the central nervous system (CNS).
    • The nerves that extend from the CNS into the body make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

    Functional Overview

    • The nervous system controls and integrates bodily activity.
    • The nervous system reacts to constant changes in internal and external environments.
    • The PNS is divided into autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
    • The somatic nervous system is the focus of this lecture, but the autonomic nervous system will be introduced.
    • The autonomic nervous system is further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
    • The sympathetic nervous system is associated with "fight, flight, or fright".
    • The parasympathetic nervous system is associated with "rest and digest".

    Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure that continues from the brain down the vertebral column.
    • The spinal cord is composed of gray and white matter.
    • The gray matter is shaped like a butterfly or an "H" and is composed of neuronal cell bodies.
    • The white matter is composed of myelinated axons.
    • The gray matter contains the anterior, lateral, and posterior horns.
    • The anterior horn contains motor neurons.
    • The posterior horn contains sensory neurons.
    • The lateral horn contains autonomic neurons.
    • The cell bodies of peripheral motor neurons exist in the anterior and lateral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord.
    • The cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons exist in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG).

    Spinal Cord Meninges

    • The spinal cord meninges are tissue layers that wrap around the spinal cord to anchor and protect it.
    • There are three layers of meninges: the pia mater, the arachnoid mater, and the dura mater.
    • The pia mater is the innermost layer and is delicate and vascular.
    • The arachnoid mater is the middle layer and is web-like.
    • The dura mater is the outermost layer and is tough and fibrous.
    • The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is called the subarachnoid space.
    • The subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

    Spinal Nerves

    • Spinal nerves are the main components of the PNS.
    • Spinal nerves connect the spinal cord to the rest of the body.
    • Each spinal nerve has a dorsal root and a ventral root.
    • The dorsal root contains sensory fibers.
    • The ventral root contains motor fibers.
    • Spinal nerves are mixed nerves, meaning that they contain both sensory and motor fibers.
    • The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

    Motor Unit

    • A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron that innervates multiple muscle fibers.

    Plexuses and Peripheral Nerves

    • Plexuses are networks of nerves formed by the intermixing of spinal nerves.
    • The brachial plexus is the plexus that emerges from the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord.
    • The lumbar plexus is the plexus that emerges from the lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
    • The sacral plexus is the plexus that emerges from the sacral segments of the spinal cord.
    • Dermatomes are areas of skin that are innervated by a single spinal nerve.

    Cranial Nerves

    • The cranial nerves are twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brain.
    • Some cranial nerves are sensory, some are motor, and some are mixed.
    • Some cranial nerves are involved in the autonomic nervous system.

    Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)

    • The PSNS is part of the autonomic nervous system and regulates "rest and digest" activities.
    • Cranial nerves involved in the PSNS include:
      • Oculomotor nerve (CN III) - pupillary constriction
      • Facial nerve (CN VII) - production of tears, saliva, and mucus
      • Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) - production of saliva
      • Vagus nerve (CN X) - regulation of heart rate, digestion, and respiration

    Learning Outcomes

    • This lecture will help you better understand the anatomy of the brain and spinal cord.
    • You will be able to describe the anatomy of a spinal nerve and explain the distribution of sensory and motor neurons within it.
    • You will be able to explain the concept of a plexus and identify key areas of the spinal cord where the brachial plexus, sympathetic trunk, and lumbosacral plexus emerge.
    • You will be able to differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and the general origins of their nerves.

    Nervous System

    • The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
    • The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The PNS consists of nerves that extend from the CNS.

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • The PNS is divided into the motor and sensory systems.
    • The motor system is further divided into the somatic and autonomic systems.
    • The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.
    • The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary processes in viscera and glands.
    • The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
      • The sympathetic nervous system promotes "fight, flight, or fright" responses.
      • The parasympathetic nervous system promotes "feed and breed" responses and "rest and digest".

    Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord terminates around the L1-L2 vertebral level.
    • Spinal nerves exit the spinal cord at all levels.
    • Spinal nerves form plexuses, which are networks of nerves that combine and separate to create peripheral nerves.

    Plexuses

    • Spinal nerves from different levels combine and separate within plexuses to form peripheral nerves.
    • Plexuses allow for nerves to innervate multiple dermatomes, which are areas of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve.
    • Major plexuses include:
    • Brachial plexus: Emerges from the cervical and thoracic spinal cord and innervates the upper limbs.
    • Lumbosacral plexus: Emerges from the lumbar and sacral spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs.

    Sympathetic Trunk

    • Sympathetic neurons arise from the lateral horn of the spinal cord at levels T1-L2.
    • Sympathetic neurons join the sympathetic trunk, which is a chain of ganglia that run alongside the spinal cord.
    • Sympathetic neurons ascend or descend the sympathetic trunk carry sympathetic signals throughout the periphery.

    Cranial Nerves

    • Cranial nerves are peripheral nerves that extend directly from the brain.
    • Cranial nerves involved in the autonomic nervous system include:
      • Oculomotor (CNIII)
      • Facial (CNVII)
      • Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)
      • Vagus (CNX)

    Parasympathetic Nervous System

    • Parasympathetic nerves are associated with four cranial nerves:
      • Oculomotor (CNIII)
      • Facial (CNVII)
      • Glossopharyngeal (CNIX)
      • Vagus (CNX)
    • These nerves control various functions, including:
      • Pupillary constriction (CN III)
      • Tear production (CN VII)
      • Saliva production (CN VII)
      • Nasal and palatal mucus production (CN VII)
      • Saliva production (CN IX)
      • Bronchi and lung innervation (CN X)
      • Heart innervation (CN X)
      • Innervation of the esophagus, foregut, and midgut (CN X)

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    Peripheral Nervous System PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the central and peripheral nervous systems, focusing on their structure and functions. It explores the integration of bodily activities and the response to environmental changes, including the autonomic and somatic divisions. Test your knowledge on the key concepts of the nervous system, including the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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