29 Questions
What is the main function of the hypothalamus?
Synthesis of oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of pituitary hormones?
By releasing hormones into the blood
What is the function of the growth hormone (GH) on the body?
Directly affects all or almost all tissues of the body
Where are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone stored before release?
In axon terminals
How many amino acids are present in the growth hormone (GH)?
191 amino acids
Which part of the nervous system does the hypothalamus receive signals from?
Autonomic nervous system
What is the first step of a hormone's action?
Binding to specific receptors at the target cell
What is the effect of priming up-regulation on target cells?
Increases the number of receptors for a certain hormone
What is desensitization (down regulation) in relation to hormone action?
Causes a weaker response in the target cell
Which organ is responsible for excreting peptide hormones and catecholamines into the urine?
Kidney
What is the purpose of fluctuating plasma concentrations of hormones?
To ensure proper hormone activity at the target tissue
How do hormonal receptors typically behave in relation to specific hormones?
Each receptor is usually highly specific for a single hormone
What is the main difference between hydrophilic and lipophilic hormones in terms of their elimination from circulation?
Hydrophilic hormones have a shorter half-life due to rapid elimination.
Which mechanism can prevent overactivity of hormone systems by suppressing further release of the hormone?
Negative-feedback control
What effect does negative feedback have on hormone secretion?
Prevents over secretion by inhibiting further release of the hormone
Which type of hormone is mainly bound to plasma proteins, leading to a slower clearance from plasma?
Lipophilic hormones
What triggers surges of hormones according to the information provided?
Positive feedback actions of the hormone
Which level can negative feedback occur at to prevent overactivity of hormone systems?
Gene transcription level
What is the main factor responsible for the surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) before ovulation?
Estrogen
Which mechanism leads to a sudden increase in hormone secretion due to a sensory stimulus like suckling?
Neuroendocrine reflexes
Which variations in hormone release are mentioned in the text?
Seasonal, developmental, diurnal cycles
What is the role of cAMP in the Adenylate Cyclase-cAMP System discussed in the text?
Activates protein kinase
Where does the pituitary gland lie anatomically?
At the base of the brain in sella turcica
Which hormone's excess secretion is most commonly caused by Graves' disease?
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin
What is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism?
Heat intolerance
Which condition is characterized by the development of an edematous appearance throughout the body in severe cases?
Myxedema
What is the main effect of aldosterone on the kidney?
Promotes Na+ retention
Which hormone stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis and inhibits glucose uptake by many tissues?
Cortisol
What is one of the major stimuli for increased cortisol secretion?
Stress
Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of hormone action in the nervous system, including how hormones bind to specific receptors at target cells and the relationship between hormone levels and tissue responses.
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