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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of Schwann cells in the PNS?
What is the primary function of Schwann cells in the PNS?
The blood brain barrier is an absolute barrier that prevents all substances from entering the brain.
The blood brain barrier is an absolute barrier that prevents all substances from entering the brain.
False
What is the main function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
What is the main function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
Producing myelin sheaths around nerve fibers
Nodes of Ranvier are gaps formed between ______________ cells along an axon.
Nodes of Ranvier are gaps formed between ______________ cells along an axon.
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Match the following neuroglia with their functions:
Match the following neuroglia with their functions:
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Which of the following substances can easily diffuse through the blood brain barrier?
Which of the following substances can easily diffuse through the blood brain barrier?
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What is the main function of the nervous system?
What is the main function of the nervous system?
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The nervous system has a sensory function to carry impulses away from the CNS.
The nervous system has a sensory function to carry impulses away from the CNS.
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What are the two properties common to nerve tissue?
What are the two properties common to nerve tissue?
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The nervous system is responsible for maintaining _______________ activities essential to life.
The nervous system is responsible for maintaining _______________ activities essential to life.
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Match the following functions of the nervous system with their descriptions:
Match the following functions of the nervous system with their descriptions:
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Where is nervous system tissue located?
Where is nervous system tissue located?
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What is the function of myelin in nerve fibers?
What is the function of myelin in nerve fibers?
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Gray matter contains myelinated nerve fibers.
Gray matter contains myelinated nerve fibers.
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What is the term for the gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon?
What is the term for the gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon?
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Nerve fibers that transmit impulses away from the CNS are called _______________ neurons.
Nerve fibers that transmit impulses away from the CNS are called _______________ neurons.
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Match the following types of neurons with their descriptions:
Match the following types of neurons with their descriptions:
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What is the function of sensory neurons?
What is the function of sensory neurons?
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All nerve fibers are myelinated.
All nerve fibers are myelinated.
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What is the term for the bundle of nerve fibers twisted together in a peripheral nerve?
What is the term for the bundle of nerve fibers twisted together in a peripheral nerve?
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The cell body of a neuron contains _______________ and most organelles.
The cell body of a neuron contains _______________ and most organelles.
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What is the term for a group of cell bodies in the PNS?
What is the term for a group of cell bodies in the PNS?
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What is the primary function of sensory receptors?
What is the primary function of sensory receptors?
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The nervous system works alone to maintain homeostasis.
The nervous system works alone to maintain homeostasis.
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What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
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The ______________ nervous system senses changes in the internal environment.
The ______________ nervous system senses changes in the internal environment.
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Match the following nervous system divisions with their functions:
Match the following nervous system divisions with their functions:
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What is the function of neuroglia?
What is the function of neuroglia?
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The endocrine system works in competition with the nervous system.
The endocrine system works in competition with the nervous system.
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What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
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The ______________ nervous system prepares the body to cope with stress.
The ______________ nervous system prepares the body to cope with stress.
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What are the two major properties of neurons?
What are the two major properties of neurons?
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All cranial nerves are mixed nerves.
All cranial nerves are mixed nerves.
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What is the term for the sequence of electrical changes when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds its threshold?
What is the term for the sequence of electrical changes when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds its threshold?
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The major intracellular cation is ___________________.
The major intracellular cation is ___________________.
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What is the function of the Na/K pump?
What is the function of the Na/K pump?
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The transmission of the impulse is purely chemical.
The transmission of the impulse is purely chemical.
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What is the term for the ability of a neuron to sense changes?
What is the term for the ability of a neuron to sense changes?
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The ___________________ gates open when a neuron is stimulated, allowing Na ions to rush into the cell.
The ___________________ gates open when a neuron is stimulated, allowing Na ions to rush into the cell.
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Match the following types of nerves with their characteristics:
Match the following types of nerves with their characteristics:
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What is the term for the interval following the excitation of a neuron during which repolarization of the cell membrane is occurring?
What is the term for the interval following the excitation of a neuron during which repolarization of the cell membrane is occurring?
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Salutatory conduction involves the spread of impulses along the neuron's membrane.
Salutatory conduction involves the spread of impulses along the neuron's membrane.
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What is the role of calcium in nerve cells?
What is the role of calcium in nerve cells?
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The process of _______________ transmission involves the transmission of impulses from one neuron to another across the synapse.
The process of _______________ transmission involves the transmission of impulses from one neuron to another across the synapse.
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Match the following neurotransmitters with their functions:
Match the following neurotransmitters with their functions:
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Reflexes are learned responses.
Reflexes are learned responses.
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What is the role of interneurons in a reflex arc?
What is the role of interneurons in a reflex arc?
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What is the result of damage to the cell body of a neuron?
What is the result of damage to the cell body of a neuron?
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The process of _______________ involves the regeneration of axons in the peripheral nervous system.
The process of _______________ involves the regeneration of axons in the peripheral nervous system.
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Neurotransmitters are released from the cell body of a neuron.
Neurotransmitters are released from the cell body of a neuron.
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What is the primary function of sensory receptors?
What is the primary function of sensory receptors?
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What is the main function of the integrative function of the nervous system?
What is the main function of the integrative function of the nervous system?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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What is the main function of the myelin sheath?
What is the main function of the myelin sheath?
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What is the term for the gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon?
What is the term for the gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon?
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What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
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What is the function of neurons?
What is the function of neurons?
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What is the function of sensory neurons?
What is the function of sensory neurons?
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What is the function of neuroglia?
What is the function of neuroglia?
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What is the term for a group of cell bodies in the PNS?
What is the term for a group of cell bodies in the PNS?
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What is the primary function of effectors?
What is the primary function of effectors?
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What is the term for the bundle of nerve fibers twisted together in a peripheral nerve?
What is the term for the bundle of nerve fibers twisted together in a peripheral nerve?
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What is the function of interneurons?
What is the function of interneurons?
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What is the main difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?
What is the main difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?
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What is the term for the ability of a neuron to sense changes?
What is the term for the ability of a neuron to sense changes?
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What is the term for the pathway of a nerve impulse from receptor to effector?
What is the term for the pathway of a nerve impulse from receptor to effector?
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What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?
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What is the term for a group of cell bodies in the CNS?
What is the term for a group of cell bodies in the CNS?
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What is the function of motor neurons?
What is the function of motor neurons?
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What is the term for the sequence of electrical changes when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds its threshold?
What is the term for the sequence of electrical changes when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds its threshold?
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Which neuroglia is responsible for forming myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the CNS?
Which neuroglia is responsible for forming myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the CNS?
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What is the function of tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier?
What is the function of tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier?
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What type of molecules can easily diffuse through the blood-brain barrier?
What type of molecules can easily diffuse through the blood-brain barrier?
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What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?
What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?
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What is the function of microglia in the CNS?
What is the function of microglia in the CNS?
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What are the gaps formed between Schwann cells along an axon called?
What are the gaps formed between Schwann cells along an axon called?
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What is the primary function of sensory nerves?
What is the primary function of sensory nerves?
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What is the term for the sequence of electrical changes when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds its threshold?
What is the term for the sequence of electrical changes when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds its threshold?
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What is the major intracellular cation in neurons?
What is the major intracellular cation in neurons?
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What is the term for the ability of a neuron to sense changes?
What is the term for the ability of a neuron to sense changes?
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What is the result of the Na ions rushing into the neuron during depolarization?
What is the result of the Na ions rushing into the neuron during depolarization?
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What is the function of the Na/K pump?
What is the function of the Na/K pump?
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What is the term for the process by which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another across the synapse?
What is the term for the process by which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another across the synapse?
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What is the characteristic of action potential?
What is the characteristic of action potential?
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What is the term for the gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon?
What is the term for the gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon?
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What is the term for the propagation of a nerve impulse along a myelinated fiber?
What is the term for the propagation of a nerve impulse along a myelinated fiber?
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What is the main function of the sensory function in the nervous system?
What is the main function of the sensory function in the nervous system?
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What is the property of nerve tissue that allows it to sense changes?
What is the property of nerve tissue that allows it to sense changes?
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What is the response of the nervous system to changes in the internal and external environment?
What is the response of the nervous system to changes in the internal and external environment?
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What type of conduction occurs in unmyelinated neurons?
What type of conduction occurs in unmyelinated neurons?
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What is the role of the integrative function in the nervous system?
What is the role of the integrative function in the nervous system?
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What is the function of the refractory period?
What is the function of the refractory period?
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What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to regulate activities essential to maintaining life?
What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to regulate activities essential to maintaining life?
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What direction does synaptic transmission occur?
What direction does synaptic transmission occur?
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Where is nervous system tissue located?
Where is nervous system tissue located?
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What is the role of calcium in nerve cells?
What is the role of calcium in nerve cells?
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What is the function of endorphins?
What is the function of endorphins?
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What is a characteristic of a reflex arc?
What is a characteristic of a reflex arc?
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What is the function of the receptor in a reflex arc?
What is the function of the receptor in a reflex arc?
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What is the result of damage to the cell body of a neuron?
What is the result of damage to the cell body of a neuron?
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What is the process of neuron regeneration?
What is the process of neuron regeneration?
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What is the role of dopamine in the nervous system?
What is the role of dopamine in the nervous system?
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Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?
Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?
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Integrative functions of the body involve:
Integrative functions of the body involve:
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Which of the following is not a type of receptor in the body?
Which of the following is not a type of receptor in the body?
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Effectors of the body:
Effectors of the body:
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Which of the following is correct?
Which of the following is correct?
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Information going to the muscles travels down what nervous system?
Information going to the muscles travels down what nervous system?
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Which of the following involves 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves, and allows for direct access in and our of the brain?
Which of the following involves 12 pairs of cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves, and allows for direct access in and our of the brain?
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The "fight-or-flight" response is associated with which of the following nervous systems?
The "fight-or-flight" response is associated with which of the following nervous systems?
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Which of the following is not a property of neurons?
Which of the following is not a property of neurons?
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The axon terminates at the:
The axon terminates at the:
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Which of the following cells are only found in the peripheral nervous system?
Which of the following cells are only found in the peripheral nervous system?
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Nerve impulses going toward the brain travel along what pathways?
Nerve impulses going toward the brain travel along what pathways?
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Which of the following contains large quantities of myelinated fibres?
Which of the following contains large quantities of myelinated fibres?
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Which of the following is correctly matched?
Which of the following is correctly matched?
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Bundles of neurons axons in the PNS are called:
Bundles of neurons axons in the PNS are called:
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Which of the following is correctly matched?
Which of the following is correctly matched?
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Cranial nerves:
Cranial nerves:
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What is the number-one extracellular ion?
What is the number-one extracellular ion?
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Which of the following is happening during depolarization?
Which of the following is happening during depolarization?
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Which of the following is happening during repolarization?
Which of the following is happening during repolarization?
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What is it called when the action potential jumps between gaps in the myelin sheath?
What is it called when the action potential jumps between gaps in the myelin sheath?
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Which of the following happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor site?
Which of the following happens when a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor site?
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Which of the following is the neurotransmitter that is deficient in Parkinson’s disease and also acts as a “feel good” neurotransmitter?
Which of the following is the neurotransmitter that is deficient in Parkinson’s disease and also acts as a “feel good” neurotransmitter?
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When the nervous impulse reaches the synaptic knobs, which chemical enters and causes the release of the neurotransmitter?
When the nervous impulse reaches the synaptic knobs, which chemical enters and causes the release of the neurotransmitter?
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Drag the words into the correct boxes
Drag the words into the correct boxes
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Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the reflex arc?
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the reflex arc?
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Which of the following is NOT true of reflexes?
Which of the following is NOT true of reflexes?
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Which of the following would not represent a reflex?
Which of the following would not represent a reflex?
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Which of the follow cells forms the blood brain barrier?
Which of the follow cells forms the blood brain barrier?
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These cells resemble epithelial cells and are responsible for producing fluid in the CNS.
These cells resemble epithelial cells and are responsible for producing fluid in the CNS.
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Cells that provide defense in the CNS through phagocytosis are:
Cells that provide defense in the CNS through phagocytosis are:
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Study Notes
Nervous System Overview
- Nerve tissue is located in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
- The nervous system has two main functions: to sense changes in the internal and external environment and to respond to those changes
Properties of Nerve Tissue
- Irritability: the ability to sense changes in the environment
- Conductivity: the ability to transmit electrical impulses
Functions of the Nervous System
- Sensory function: carries impulses towards the CNS
- Integrative function: analyzes information and formulates a response
- Motor function: carries out a response
- Master control: communication system
- Homeostasis: regulates activities essential to maintaining life
Responsiveness
- Sense: notice changes in the internal and external environment
- Integrate: analyze information and make decisions
- Respond: cause the body to respond to changes in the environment
Receptors and Effectors
- Receptors: located at the end of peripheral nerves, gather information from the environment
- Effectors: organs that respond to stimulation, such as muscles and glands
Divisions of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
- Somatic Nervous System: senses changes in the external environment, supplies voluntary structures
- Autonomic Nervous System: senses changes in the internal environment, supplies involuntary structures
- Sympathetic Nervous System: mobilizes body resources, prepares body to cope with stress
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: conserves body resources, works at rest
Neurons and Neuroglia
- Neurons: functional unit of the nervous system, senses, integrates, and responds to information
- Neuroglia: support and protect neurons, 5x more abundant than neurons
Structure and Function of Neurons
- Cell Body: contains cytoplasm, cell membrane, and organelles
- Dendrites: receives impulses from other neurons
- Axon: transmits information away from the cell body
- Myelin: increases speed of nerve impulse transmission, protects, and insulates
Pathway of a Nerve Impulse
- Stimulus is picked up by sensory receptors
- Travels along an afferent neuron to the CNS
- Interpreted and integrated in the CNS
- Message is returned to the effector via an efferent neuron
Organization of Neurons
- Nerve: a bundle of peripheral nerve fibers
- Nuclei: group of cell bodies in the CNS
- Ganglion: group of cell bodies in the PNS
Nerve Impulse Transmission
- Depolarization: the sequence of electrical changes when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus
- Action Potential: an all-or-none response
- Repolarization: the restoration of the electrical charge of the membrane
- Na/K pump: returns Na and K to their original concentrations
Synaptic Transmission
- Impulses must cross the synapse to move from one neuron to another
- Neurotransmitters are released from the axon and bind to receptors on the next neuron
- Impulse is transmitted to the next neuron
Refractory Period
- The interval following the excitation of a neuron during which repolarization of the cell membrane is occurring
- During this time, the neuron cannot accept a threshold stimulus
Neurotransmitters
- Endorphins: reduce pain, produce an opiate-like feeling
- Enkephalins: reduce pain, natural painkillers
- Serotonin: regulates mood, appetite, and sleep
- Acetylcholine: neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction
- Adrenaline/Norepinephrine: neurotransmitters in the sympathetic division
- Dopamine: "feel-good" neurotransmitter, deficient in Parkinson's disease
Nervous System Overview
- Nerve tissue is located in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
- The nervous system has two main functions: to sense changes in the internal and external environment and to respond to those changes
Properties of Nerve Tissue
- Irritability: the ability to sense changes in the environment
- Conductivity: the ability to transmit electrical impulses
Functions of the Nervous System
- Sensory function: carries impulses towards the CNS
- Integrative function: analyzes information and formulates a response
- Motor function: carries out a response
- Master control: communication system
- Homeostasis: regulates activities essential to maintaining life
Responsiveness
- Sense: notice changes in the internal and external environment
- Integrate: analyze information and make decisions
- Respond: cause the body to respond to changes in the environment
Receptors and Effectors
- Receptors: located at the end of peripheral nerves, gather information from the environment
- Effectors: organs that respond to stimulation, such as muscles and glands
Divisions of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): nerves connecting the CNS to the rest of the body
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
- Somatic Nervous System: senses changes in the external environment, supplies voluntary structures
- Autonomic Nervous System: senses changes in the internal environment, supplies involuntary structures
- Sympathetic Nervous System: mobilizes body resources, prepares body to cope with stress
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: conserves body resources, works at rest
Neurons and Neuroglia
- Neurons: functional unit of the nervous system, senses, integrates, and responds to information
- Neuroglia: support and protect neurons, 5x more abundant than neurons
Structure and Function of Neurons
- Cell Body: contains cytoplasm, cell membrane, and organelles
- Dendrites: receives impulses from other neurons
- Axon: transmits information away from the cell body
- Myelin: increases speed of nerve impulse transmission, protects, and insulates
Pathway of a Nerve Impulse
- Stimulus is picked up by sensory receptors
- Travels along an afferent neuron to the CNS
- Interpreted and integrated in the CNS
- Message is returned to the effector via an efferent neuron
Organization of Neurons
- Nerve: a bundle of peripheral nerve fibers
- Nuclei: group of cell bodies in the CNS
- Ganglion: group of cell bodies in the PNS
Nerve Impulse Transmission
- Depolarization: the sequence of electrical changes when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus
- Action Potential: an all-or-none response
- Repolarization: the restoration of the electrical charge of the membrane
- Na/K pump: returns Na and K to their original concentrations
Synaptic Transmission
- Impulses must cross the synapse to move from one neuron to another
- Neurotransmitters are released from the axon and bind to receptors on the next neuron
- Impulse is transmitted to the next neuron
Refractory Period
- The interval following the excitation of a neuron during which repolarization of the cell membrane is occurring
- During this time, the neuron cannot accept a threshold stimulus
Neurotransmitters
- Endorphins: reduce pain, produce an opiate-like feeling
- Enkephalins: reduce pain, natural painkillers
- Serotonin: regulates mood, appetite, and sleep
- Acetylcholine: neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction
- Adrenaline/Norepinephrine: neurotransmitters in the sympathetic division
- Dopamine: "feel-good" neurotransmitter, deficient in Parkinson's disease
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Description
Quiz about the properties and functions of nerve tissue, including irritable and conductive properties, and the main functions of the nervous system such as sensing and responding to changes.