Pharmacological Modulation of Autonomic Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Norepinephrine Transporter (NET) Inhibitors?

  • To increase the release of norepinephrine
  • To inhibit Monoamine Oxidase
  • To decrease the reuptake of norepinephrine (correct)
  • To activate α2-Adrenergic receptors

    • Moclobemide is an inhibitor of Monoamine Oxidase.

    True

    What is the main effect of α2-Adrenergic Agonists like Clonidine on noradrenaline release?

    It decreases noradrenaline release through feedback control.

    Muscarinic Receptors are a type of _____________ receptors.

    <p>GPCRs (G-Protein Coupled Receptors)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are side effects of a drug?

    <p>Undesired effects that occur when a drug is administered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective drugs have no affinity for other receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A drug's ability to preferentially produce a particular effect is related to its _________________ specificity.

    <p>structural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptor types with their corresponding nervous system:

    <p>Muscarinic Receptors = Parasympathetic Adrenergic Receptors = Sympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of using a beta 2 agonist in asthma treatment?

    <p>Relaxation of smooth muscle, leading to fewer side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In open-angle glaucoma, muscarinic receptor agonists increase trabecular outflow by relaxing the longitudinal part of ciliary muscle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of sympathetic regulation on aqueous humour production during activity?

    <p>It increases due to activation of β-adrenergic receptors, increasing cAMP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscarinic receptor agonists stimulate muscarinic M3 receptors on ciliary muscle and _______________________ to cause smooth muscle contraction.

    <p>sphincter pupillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following autonomic receptors with their functions:

    <p>Muscarinic Receptor Agonists = β2 Agonist Increase trabecular outflow in glaucoma = Relaxation of smooth muscle in asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adrenaline in an asthma attack?

    <p>Relaxation of airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In angle closure glaucoma, muscarinic receptor agonists cause pupillary dilation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adrenaline is usually given during a(n) _______________________ attack.

    <p>asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of depolarising blocking agents on muscle contraction?

    <p>Maintains muscle depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-depolarizing blocking agents are competitive agonists at nicotinic receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibiting NET-1 on noradrenaline?

    <p>Accumulation of NE in the synaptic cleft and increased activation of postsynaptic adrenoceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines alter the function of __________ transporters, leading to the removal of noradrenaline from the vesicle and then the synapse.

    <p>NET-1 and VMAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neuromuscular blocking agents with their effects:

    <p>Depolarising agents = Causes muscle twitching before paralysis Non-depolarising agents = Leads to tetanic fade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of clinically used neuromuscular blocking agents are depolarizing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Noradrenaline Uptake and Transporter Inhibitors

    • Norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitors prevent the uptake of norepinephrine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft and increased activation of postsynaptic adrenoceptors.
    • Indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines are taken up into the nerve terminal via NET-1 and enter the synaptic vesicles via VMAT, altering their function to remove norepinephrine from the vesicle and accumulate it in the synaptic cleft, activating post-synaptic receptors.

    Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

    • Moclobemide is an example of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

    Feedback Control of Noradrenaline Release

    • α2-Adrenergic agonists, such as clonidine, play a role in feedback control of noradrenaline release.

    Muscarinic Receptors

    • Muscarinic receptors are GPCRs that affect various tissues, and are involved in the parasympathetic nervous system.
    • Muscarinic receptor agonists stimulate muscarinic M3 receptors on ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae, causing smooth muscle contraction.
    • In glaucoma treatment, muscarinic receptor agonists increase trabecular outflow by contracting the longitudinal part of ciliary muscle, and in angle closure, contraction of the sphincter pupillae causes miosis (pupil constriction), opening the angle.

    Adrenergic Receptors

    • Adrenergic receptors are GPCRs that affect various tissues, and are involved in the sympathetic nervous system.
    • Adrenaline is used in asthma treatment, and its effects can be improved by using beta receptor agonists, which lead to relaxation and reduce side effects.

    Side Effects and Selectivity

    • Side effects are unintended secondary effects of a drug, and can occur due to actions at the intended target (on-target) or an unintended target (off-target).
    • Selectivity refers to a drug's ability to preferentially produce a particular effect, and is related to the structural specificity of the drug binding to receptors.
    • Selective drugs can reduce off-target side effects.

    Autonomic Receptors and Eye Function

    • Autonomic receptors, including muscarinic receptors, play a role in eye function.
    • Muscarinic receptor agonists are used in the treatment of glaucoma and to induce miosis.

    Aqueous Humour Production

    • Sympathetic regulation of aqueous humour production increases during the day and decreases at night, with diurnal variation of 2.5 μl/min during the day and 1.5 μl/min during the night.
    • Active ion transport mechanisms in ciliary epithelial cells result in fluid movement.

    Neuromuscular Junction

    • Neuromuscular blocking agents, including depolarising and non-depolarising agents, affect the neuromuscular junction.
    • Depolarising blocking agents, such as agonists at nicotinic receptors, cause muscle twitching before paralysis and maintain muscle depolarization.
    • Non-depolarising agents, such as competitive antagonists at nicotinic receptors, can block pre- and postsynaptic nicotinic receptors, leading to tetanic fade.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the pharmacological modulation of the autonomic nervous system, including uptake and inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and adrenergic and muscarinic receptors

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