Nervous System Functions and Disorders Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the nervous system controls balance and posture?

  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum (correct)
  • Spinal cord
  • Cerebrum

    • Which part of the nervous system is associated with higher brain functions such as thought and action?

  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
  • Spinal cord
  • Cerebrum (correct)

    • Which part of the nervous system contains the nuclear centers for many important life-supporting functions?

  • Spinal cord
  • Cerebellum
  • Cerebrum
  • Brainstem (correct)

    • Which part of the nervous system is responsible for transmitting information between the brain and the rest of the body?

    <p>Peripheral Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells produce myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Converting neural signals into muscular contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Botox inhibit at the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Regulated exocytosis of synaptic vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the actin cytoskeleton in neuronal function?

    <p>Playing a vital role in neuronal development and synapse formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of immunocytochemical techniques in relation to intermediate filaments?

    <p>Identifying intermediate filaments for tumor diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do microtubules serve as in axonal transport?

    <p>Tracks for conveying structural and functional components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are genetic material and most protein synthesis mechanisms concentrated in a neuron?

    <p>Neuronal cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of myelin in impulse transmission?

    <p>Accelerating impulse transmission through saltatory conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of synapses in neurons?

    <p>Transmitting electrical or chemical signals to other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Nodes of Ranvier in myelinated fibers?

    <p>Permitting ion flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Converting neural signals into muscular contractions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of axonal transport?

    <p>Ensuring the continuous supply of components to the entire length of the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main components of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

    <p>Sensory and motor components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fibers are responsible for involuntary smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

    <p>Autonomic-motor fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of glial cells in the brain?

    <p>Nutrition support and protection of neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fibrous intercellular network surrounding cells of the CNS called?

    <p>Neuropil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a neuron is responsible for receiving information?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of dendrites in the CNS?

    <p>Receive neural signals through synapses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do axons originate from?

    <p>Axon hillock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides insulation and protection for specific axons?

    <p>Myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is capable of traveling long distances along neuronal processes?

    <p>Action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are more abundant than neurons in the brain?

    <p>Glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main classifications of neurons based on function?

    <p>Sensory and motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor protein is responsible for anterograde transport within the cell?

    <p>Kinesin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus utilizes retrograde transport to invade the nervous system?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for myelin production in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disorder is characterized by demyelination in the central nervous system?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis (MS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which glial cells play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of neurons?

    <p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

    <p>Weakness, tingling, numbness, and blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in most areas of the United States and Europe?

    <p>1 in 1000 individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which motor protein is responsible for retrograde transport within the cell?

    <p>Dynein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells participate in immune responses within the central nervous system?

    <p>Microglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for myelin production in the central nervous system?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport is utilized by several viruses to invade the nervous system?

    <p>Axonal transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells provide physical support to neurons?

    <p>Astrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for the primary line of active immune defense within the CNS?

    <p>Ependymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tumor originating from astrocytes called?

    <p>Oligodendroglioma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells form a complex network through gap junctions, potentially contributing to cognitive and emotional processes?

    <p>Microglial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells establish connections with thousands of synapses in the CNS, playing a vital role in regulating synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling?

    <p>Ependymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells facilitate the formation of in the CNS?

    <p>Blood-Renal Barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What permits the passage of vital molecules like oxygen and glucose but restricts larger molecules in the CNS?

    <p>Blood-Lung Barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the selective permeability established early during embryonic development through the collaboration of astrocytes and capillary endothelial cells?

    <p>Blood-Brain Barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do astrocytes give rise to beneath the pia mater in the CNS?

    <p>Glia limitans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cells serve as the initial line of immune defense in the brain and spinal cord as resident macrophages?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do microglial cells originate from before infiltrating brain tissue?

    <p>Ependymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the tumor originating from oligodendrocytes called?

    <p>Glioblastoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of astrocytes in the CNS?

    <p>Myelin production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Nervous System Functions and Disorders

    • Kinesin and dynein are motor proteins responsible for transporting cargo within the cell, with kinesin being responsible for anterograde transport and dynein for retrograde transport.
    • Kinesin supplies distal axons with newly synthesized proteins and lipids, while dynein returns cargo for degradation and neurotrophic signals to the cell body.
    • Axonal transport is used by several viruses, including Herpes simplex virus, Rabies virus, and Poliovirus, to invade the nervous system, with retrograde transport being a critical component in this process.
    • Glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and proper functioning of neurons, including providing physical support and participating in immune responses within the central nervous system.
    • Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells are responsible for myelin production and electrical insulation in the central and peripheral nervous systems, respectively.
    • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination, where the immune system damages the protective myelin sheath surrounding nerve fibers in the central nervous system.
    • MS presents symptoms such as weakness, tingling, numbness, and blurred vision, with the specific symptoms dependent on the region within the CNS affected by the disorder.
    • MS has a prevalence of approximately 1 in 1000 individuals in most areas of the United States and Europe, making it a significant health concern.

    The Role of Glial Cells in the Central Nervous System

    • Multiple sclerosis selectively impacts myelinated axons within the CNS, distinct from the PNS.
    • Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells found exclusively within the CNS, forming a web that supports neurons.
    • Astrocytoma is a tumor originating from astrocytes, indicating their potential involvement in pathological conditions.
    • Astrocytes establish connections with thousands of synapses in the CNS, playing a vital role in regulating synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling.
    • Astrocytes form a complex network through gap junctions, potentially contributing to cognitive and emotional processes.
    • Astrocytes give rise to the glial limiting membrane, or glia limitans, beneath the pia mater in the CNS.
    • The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permits the passage of vital molecules like oxygen and glucose but restricts larger molecules, posing challenges in drug treatment.
    • Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells facilitate the formation of the selective BBB, which resembles "tight" junctions of epithelial cells.
    • The BBB's selective permeability is established early during embryonic development through the collaboration of astrocytes and capillary endothelial cells.
    • Microglial cells serve as the primary line of active immune defense within the CNS, originating from monocytes in the bone marrow and infiltrating brain tissue.
    • Microglial cells play a crucial role in the brain and spinal cord as resident macrophages, serving as the initial line of immune defense.
    • Microglial cells trace their lineage back to monocytes, a subtype of white blood cells, and infiltrate brain tissue after passing through the blood-brain barrier.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of the nervous system functions and disorders with this quiz. Explore topics such as axonal transport, glial cells, myelin production, and the impact of multiple sclerosis on the central nervous system. Learn about the role of astrocytes and microglial cells, as well as the formation and function of the blood-brain barrier.

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