Nervous System and Multiple Sclerosis

<p>Scar tissue replacing Schwann cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nodes of Ranvier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more numerous than neurons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outside of the brain and spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce myelin sheath for nerve cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They create and move cerebrospinal fluid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It checks if the incoming signals are strong enough. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An action potential is triggered. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dendrites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps speed up electrical messages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows only strong signals to be transmitted. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Node of Ranvier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce proteins necessary for growth and communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are highly specialized for their functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the axon and speed up signal transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are groups of neuron cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supporting neurons and maintaining homeostasis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligodendrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory signals from controlled body parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic Division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate automatic body functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lifting your arm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory information from internal organs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motor commands to skeletal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the gray matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>31 pairs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical Plexus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic Plexus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To collect cerebrospinal fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prepares the body for action and increases heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipolar neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serve as supportive cells for neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the Foramen Magnum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gray matter contains their cell bodies and processes information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are primarily located on the outside of the spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gray matter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons cannot replicate or regenerate due to lack of mitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supplies the diaphragm for breathing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brachial Plexus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L3-L4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Node of Ranvier (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are responsible for protein synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are highly specialized for their functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligodendrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as insulation for the axon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signals leaving the brain to the muscles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasympathetic division (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connecting the brain to limbs and organs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal signals from organs and tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligodendrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Managing voluntary movements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signals arriving to the brain from sensory receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory information from external stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central Nervous System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase speed of nerve signal transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligodendrocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12 pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroglia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann Cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural tissue and connective tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a decision maker for signal transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The signal is stopped and not transmitted further. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They send messages to the next neuron or muscle. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelin sheath (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gap between two Schwann cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cushion and nourish the brain and spinal cord. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processing and interpreting information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains a single axon and no dendrites. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prepares the body for immediate action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmitting signals between different parts of the brain and spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the lumbar 1 (L1) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipolar neuron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They lack the ability to reproduce and regenerate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They support and protect neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It begins at the Foramen Magnum and extends to L1. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bipolar neuron (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White matter contains axons covered in myelin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They support and fill spaces between neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prepares the body for action and increases heart rate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A soma containing a nucleus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To insulate axons and increase signal transmission speed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To speed up the transmission of electrical messages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon terminal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The signal is stopped and not sent down the axon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow for saltatory conduction of nerve impulses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To process and integrate incoming signals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cervical Plexus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White Matter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>L3-L4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brachial plexus serves the arms and hands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory information from controlled body parts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory pathways from internal organs to the CNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sending commands from the CNS to muscles for voluntary movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing myelin that insulates axons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is responsible for voluntary movements of skeletal muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carrying motor commands to internal organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic controls voluntary functions, while autonomic regulates involuntary functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Build proteins for neuron growth and communication (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as insulation on a wire, speeding up signal transmission. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelin sheath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their high specialization for transmitting signals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Outside the brain and spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central and peripheral systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroglia help support and protect neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By replacing normal cells with scar tissue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removing debris and acting as a defense mechanism. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral nerves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It contains sensory and motor neurons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligodendrocytes provide myelin sheathing in the central nervous system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nerve cell that controls muscle movement.

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Nerves located outside the brain and spinal cord.

Important cells in the peripheral nervous system.

Gaps in myelin sheath that speed up nerve signals.

Autoimmune disease affecting nerve signal speed.

Defensive cells in the central nervous system (CNS).

Makes myelin sheath in the CNS, protecting nerve cells.

Cells in the brain and spinal cord that produce and move cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, also cushions the brain and removes waste.

A nerve cell that carries messages throughout the body.

Area at the base of an axon that decides if a signal is strong enough to be sent.

Electrical signal triggered by the axon hillock when a signal is strong enough.

Branches at the end of an axon that pass messages to other neurons or cells.

Fatty layer that speeds up nerve impulses.

Control center of a neuron, processes input messages.

Rough ER in neurons; builds proteins for neuron function.

The brain and spinal cord which control body functions and processes.

Nerves and neurons outside the CNS that connect the brain and spinal cord to body parts.

Cluster of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS.

The part of the PNS that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

The part of the PNS that controls involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

Sensory nerves that carry information from the body (skin, muscles, joints) to the CNS.

Motor nerves that carry commands from the CNS to skeletal muscles, causing movement.

Sensory nerves that carry information from internal organs (like heart and stomach) to the CNS.

Motor nerves that carry commands from the CNS to internal organs and glands to regulate automatic functions.

Prepares the body for action (fight or flight) by increasing heart rate, dilating pupils, and slowing digestion.

Calms the body (rest and digest) by slowing heart rate, stimulating digestion, and promoting relaxation.

Supporting cells of the nervous system that provide structure, protection, and nourishment for neurons.

The cell body of a neuron, containing the nucleus and organelles.

Found in the brain and spinal cord, it contains neuron cell bodies and short connections, responsible for processing and interpreting information.

Found in the brain and spinal cord, it contains myelinated axons, responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the nervous system.

The large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord connects to the brain.

Neuron cell bodies are located in the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord.

White matter is primarily composed of myelinated fibers, which are axons covered in a fatty substance called myelin.

Spinal nerves are bundles of axons that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, carrying messages back and forth.

A spinal tap is a medical procedure to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by inserting a needle into the spinal canal, usually between the L3 and L4 vertebrae.

The phrenic nerve is the most important nerve in the cervical plexus, responsible for controlling the diaphragm, which is essential for breathing.

Motor neurons are specialized nerve cells that control muscle movement, allowing us to walk, talk, and perform many other actions.

Neuroglia, also known as glial cells, provide support and protection for neurons. They do not generate electrical impulses themselves but play vital roles in nourishing, insulating, and maintaining the health of neurons.

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. It's the control center of the body, receiving, processing, and sending information to regulate various bodily functions.

Schwann cells are crucial in the peripheral nervous system, they wrap around axons to form a protective layer called the myelin sheath, speeding up nerve impulses.

The nodes of Ranvier are small gaps in the myelin sheath along an axon. These gaps help accelerate the transmission speed of nerve signals.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the Schwann cells, which are damaged by the immune system. This leads to inflammation and scarring of the myelin sheath, slowing down nerve signals.

Microglia act as the 'defense and cleanup crew' of the central nervous system. They act as immune cells, removing debris and fighting infections to maintain the health of brain and spinal cord tissue.

Oligodendrocytes are specialized cells in the central nervous system that form the myelin sheath around axons, protecting and insulating nerve fibers to ensure efficient signal transmission.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushions the brain, removes waste products, and delivers nutrients to the brain and spinal cord.

A neuron has a cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminals, and dendrites.

The axon hillock is a specialized region at the base of the axon where signals are integrated and action potentials are initiated.

The axon hillock acts as a gatekeeper for signals, ensuring only strong enough signals are transmitted down the axon. It initiates the electrical signal (action potential) if the signal is strong enough.

An action potential is an electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron, carrying information from one neuron to another.

Myelin sheath is a fatty covering that surrounds the axon of a neuron, speeding up the transmission of electrical signals.

Schwann cells are glial cells that produce myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system.

Nissl bodies are rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) found in neurons. They are responsible for building proteins needed for the neuron's growth, repair, and communication with other neurons.

The brain is located inside the skull, protected by the bones of the cranium.

The spinal cord runs down your back, protected by the vertebrae of the spine.

The myelin sheath is a protective covering around the axon of a neuron that helps electrical signals travel faster and protects the axon from damage.

The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for controlling and coordinating all body functions and processes.

The PNS is the network of nerves and neurons that connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. It carries messages back and forth between the CNS and the body.

Ganglion cells are groups of neuron cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord. They act as relay stations for information.

Nerves that come out of the spinal cord and connect the brain to the rest of the body.

A network of nerves in the neck that supplies the shoulders and diaphragm.

A network of nerves in the shoulder and upper arm that supplies the arms and hands.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord, while the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) encompasses all other nerves branching out from the CNS.

The Somatic Nervous System controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles, while the Autonomic Nervous System regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.

Afferent nerves carry sensory signals from the body TO the CNS, while Efferent nerves transmit motor commands FROM the CNS to muscles or organs.

The Sympathetic Nervous System prepares the body for 'fight or flight,' while the Parasympathetic Nervous System promotes 'rest and digest.'

The Central Nervous System (CNS) contains three main cell types: 1) Microglia: small immune cells protecting the CNS. 2) Oligodendrocytes: form myelin around axons. 3) Ependymal cells: line cavities and produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Somatic refers to the parts of the body you can consciously control, like skeletal muscles, skin and joints. The somatic nervous system oversees voluntary movement and sensory information from these areas.

Autonomic Afferent nerves carry sensory information from the internal organs and tissues, such as blood pressure, gut stretch, and oxygen levels, to the CNS. This helps the body regulate involuntary functions.

Autonomic Efferent nerves carry commands from the CNS to internal organs and glands to regulate automatic functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing. These nerves act unconsciously to maintain homeostasis.

A specialized nerve cell (neuron) that controls muscle movement, allowing for voluntary actions like walking or typing.

The four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural (nerves).

Neural tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It's responsible for transmitting information and controlling bodily functions.

A group of neuron cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord, acting as relay stations for information.

Schwann cells are essential for nerve function in the peripheral nervous system. They wrap around axons to form the myelin sheath, which speeds up nerve impulses.

An autoimmune disease that attacks Schwann cells, damaging the myelin sheath and slowing down nerve signal transmission.

Microglia are the 'defense and cleanup crew' of the CNS. They act as immune cells, removing debris and fighting infections to maintain the health of brain and spinal cord tissue.

A fatty substance that wraps around axons, speeding up nerve signals in the central nervous system (CNS).

Nerves that carry sensory information from the body to the central nervous system (CNS).

Neurons are highly specialized cells that are responsible for transmitting and processing information in the body. They don't divide because they've already reached their final form and are optimized for their specific function.

A group of neuron cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord, acting as relay stations for information.

Neuron cell bodies are found within the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord.

White matter is primarily made up of myelinated fibers, which are axons covered in a fatty substance called myelin.

Spinal nerves connect the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body, carrying messages back and forth.

A spinal tap is usually performed between the L2-L3, L4-L5, or L3-L4 vertebrae, with L3-L4 being the safest.

The phrenic nerve is the most important nerve in the cervical plexus, responsible for controlling the diaphragm, which is essential for breathing.