Neurological Disorders: Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson & Alzheimer Diseases
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of Multiple Sclerosis?

  • Environmental factors such as stress and smoking (correct)
  • Excessive exposure to sunlight
  • Genetic factors
  • Aging

    • How is Multiple Sclerosis clinically defined?

  • Presence of resting tremor
  • Generalized slowing of movements
  • Excessive exposure to sunlight
  • Two or more episodes of neurological dysfunction separated in time and space (correct)

    • What imaging study is recommended for the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis?

  • CT scan of the brain
  • MRI with gadolinium of brain and spinal cord (correct)
  • PET scan with contrast
  • X-ray of the spine

    • Which treatment modality is used for Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Immunomodulators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of Parkinson Disease?

    <p>Bradykinesia (slowing of movements)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does Parkinson Disease usually occur?

    <p>Over 50 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common neurodegenerative condition in the world after Alzheimer's?

    <p>Parkinson Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic is at higher risk for Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Women aged 20-40 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Low sunlight exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used for the management of osteoporosis in patients with Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Bisphosphonates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary defining characteristic of chronic symmetrical peripheral neuropathy?

    <p>Gradual development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuropathy is often associated with underlying conditions like diabetes or kidney failure?

    <p>Chronic polyneuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with peripheral neuropathy?

    <p>Numbness and tingling in the extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test measures how fast electrical impulses are moving through muscles in the context of polyneuropathy diagnosis?

    <p>Nerve Conduction Study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the treatment of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Condition that caused it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle change may help treat polyneuropathy?

    <p>Avoiding certain repetitive tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of physiotherapy in the treatment of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Recommendation of nerve gliding activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication can relieve severe pain associated with nerve irritation and inflammation?

    <p>Corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory drugs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a skin biopsy in the context of polyneuropathy diagnosis help identify?

    <p>Whether the nerves are damaged, causing sensory loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by amyloid-β accumulation and makes up 60-80% of all dementias?

    <p>AD (Alzheimer's Disease)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of ongoing research regarding the causes of MND (Motor Neuron Diseases)?

    <p>Inflammation, viruses, toxins, genetics, and nerve growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder affects memory, communication, physical functioning, and understanding information from the senses?

    <p>AD (Alzheimer's Disease)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of deep brain stimulation in the treatment of PD (Parkinson's Disease)?

    <p>To improve motor symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is PD (Parkinson's Disease) diagnosed?

    <p>Medical history and neurological examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are affected in MND (Motor Neuron Diseases)?

    <p>Motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs are included in the treatment of PD (Parkinson's Disease)?

    <p>Dopamine agonists, enzyme inhibitors, Amantadine, Anticholinergic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can AD (Alzheimer's Disease) be diagnosed?

    <p>Signs and symptoms of mental decline, with routine laboratory tests showing no abnormality and CT brain revealing cerebral atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of PD (Parkinson's Disease)?

    <p>To increase dopamine levels by inhibiting its breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of physical therapists in the treatment of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Improving quality of life through hands-on care and patient education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polyneuropathy is associated with nerve damage outside the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Peripheral Neuropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines the treatment of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Underlying condition that caused it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test measures how fast electrical impulses are moving through muscles in the context of polyneuropathy diagnosis?

    <p>Nerve Conduction Study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle change may help treat polyneuropathy?

    <p>Avoiding certain repetitive tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of physiotherapy in the treatment of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Improving quality of life through hands-on care and patient education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of chronic polyneuropathy?

    <p>Underlying conditions like diabetes or kidney failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging study is recommended for suspecting an underlying medical condition contributing to symptoms of polyneuropathy?

    <p>MRI Scans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can relieve severe pain associated with nerve irritation and inflammation?

    <p>Corticosteroids (anti-inflammatory drugs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best exercise for polyneuropathy conditions?

    <p>Walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic is at higher risk for developing chronic symmetrical peripheral neuropathy?

    <p>Elderly individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of ongoing research regarding the causes of polyneuropathy?

    <p>Investigating unknown causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of PD (Parkinson's Disease)?

    <p>Neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is AD (Alzheimer's Disease) diagnosed?

    <p>Based on signs and symptoms of mental decline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of ongoing research regarding the causes of MND (Motor Neuron Diseases)?

    <p>Viruses, toxins, genetics, inflammation, and nerve growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging study is recommended for the diagnosis of PD (Parkinson's Disease)?

    <p>MRI of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of AD (Alzheimer's Disease)?

    <p>Memory loss (amnesia)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What demographic is at higher risk for developing MND (Motor Neuron Diseases)?

    <p>Elderly individuals over 65 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test measures how fast electrical impulses are moving through muscles in the context of MND diagnosis?

    <p>Nerve conduction studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor for developing PD (Parkinson's Disease)?

    <p>Genetics only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does AD (Alzheimer's Disease) affect physical functioning?

    <p>Because of amyloid-β accumulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication can relieve severe pain associated with nerve irritation and inflammation?

    <p>Pain relievers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neurons are affected in MND (Motor Neuron Diseases)?

    <p>Upper and lower motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can PD (Parkinson's Disease) be diagnosed?

    <p>Medical history and neurological examination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Demyelination and widespread axonal injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary defining feature of Parkinson Disease?

    <p>Resting tremor or rigidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is at a higher risk for Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>20-40 years old women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common neurodegenerative condition after Alzheimer's?

    <p>Parkinson Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging study is recommended for the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>MRI with gadolinium of brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for developing Multiple Sclerosis?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons are affected in Motor Neuron Diseases?

    <p>Motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease?

    <p>Increasing dopamine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is commonly associated with peripheral neuropathy?

    <p>Numbness and tingling in the hands and feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs are included in the treatment of PD (Parkinson's Disease)?

    <p>Dopamine agonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Alzheimer's Disease (AD) be diagnosed?

    <p>Clinical evaluation and cognitive testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of test measures how fast electrical impulses are moving through muscles in the context of polyneuropathy diagnosis?

    <p>Electromyography (EMG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • PD (Parkinson's Disease) is a disorder affecting the basal ganglia, particularly the dopaminergic tract, leading to neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

    • PD diagnosis relies on medical history and neurological examination, as there are no specific blood or laboratory tests.

    • PD treatment includes dopamine agonists, enzyme inhibitors, Amantadine, Anticholinergic drugs, and deep brain stimulation.

    • AD (Alzheimer's Disease) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β accumulation, making up 60-80% of all dementias.

    • AD affects memory (amnesia), communication (aphasia), physical functioning (apraxia), and understanding information from the senses (agnosia).

    • AD diagnosis relies on signs and symptoms of mental decline, with routine laboratory tests showing no abnormality and CT brain revealing cerebral atrophy.

    • MND (Motor Neuron Diseases) is a group of neurological conditions affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

    • MND damages upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and eventually wasting.

    • Causes of MND are unknown, with ongoing research focusing on viruses, toxins, genetics, inflammation, and nerve growth factors.

    • MND can be hereditary and presents with various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, speech difficulties, and respiratory changes.

    • MND diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions through blood tests, urine tests, MRI brain scans, nerve conduction studies, electromyography, and muscle biopsy.

    • MND has no cure, but symptoms can be managed with medications, including muscle relaxants, pain relievers, and medications to help with breathing.

    • PD (Parkinson's Disease) is a disorder affecting the basal ganglia, particularly the dopaminergic tract, leading to neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

    • PD diagnosis relies on medical history and neurological examination, as there are no specific blood or laboratory tests.

    • PD treatment includes dopamine agonists, enzyme inhibitors, Amantadine, Anticholinergic drugs, and deep brain stimulation.

    • AD (Alzheimer's Disease) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β accumulation, making up 60-80% of all dementias.

    • AD affects memory (amnesia), communication (aphasia), physical functioning (apraxia), and understanding information from the senses (agnosia).

    • AD diagnosis relies on signs and symptoms of mental decline, with routine laboratory tests showing no abnormality and CT brain revealing cerebral atrophy.

    • MND (Motor Neuron Diseases) is a group of neurological conditions affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord.

    • MND damages upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and eventually wasting.

    • Causes of MND are unknown, with ongoing research focusing on viruses, toxins, genetics, inflammation, and nerve growth factors.

    • MND can be hereditary and presents with various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, speech difficulties, and respiratory changes.

    • MND diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions through blood tests, urine tests, MRI brain scans, nerve conduction studies, electromyography, and muscle biopsy.

    • MND has no cure, but symptoms can be managed with medications, including muscle relaxants, pain relievers, and medications to help with breathing.

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    NT Final Exam Part 1 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of neurological disorders with a focus on Multiple Sclerosis. Learn about the chronic inflammatory disease caused by demyelination and widespread axonal injury in the central nervous system, leading to motor and sensory dysfunction. Explore risk factors, demographics, and clinical presentation.

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