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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of Rough/Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum?
What is the primary function of Rough/Granular Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Which type of compound tends to go into solution in the context of the endoplasmic reticulum?
Which type of compound tends to go into solution in the context of the endoplasmic reticulum?
What is one of the primary roles of the Smooth/Non-granular Endoplasmic Reticulum?
What is one of the primary roles of the Smooth/Non-granular Endoplasmic Reticulum?
What are membrane-bound organelles commonly referred to by the acronym MEGLP?
What are membrane-bound organelles commonly referred to by the acronym MEGLP?
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What is a key characteristic of the Golgi Complex/Apparatus?
What is a key characteristic of the Golgi Complex/Apparatus?
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What term describes the movement of a body region in a circular manner?
What term describes the movement of a body region in a circular manner?
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Which movement involves the sole of the foot facing laterally?
Which movement involves the sole of the foot facing laterally?
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Identify the principal part of the eukaryotic cell that contains DNA.
Identify the principal part of the eukaryotic cell that contains DNA.
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Which of the following correctly defines contractility?
Which of the following correctly defines contractility?
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What is the main function of osmosis?
What is the main function of osmosis?
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Which term describes the action of moving a body part backward?
Which term describes the action of moving a body part backward?
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What is a characteristic of the cytoplasm in relation to organelles?
What is a characteristic of the cytoplasm in relation to organelles?
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Which of the following movements involves the sole facing anteriorly?
Which of the following movements involves the sole facing anteriorly?
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What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
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In individuals with albinism, what is the primary reason for the lack of melanin production?
In individuals with albinism, what is the primary reason for the lack of melanin production?
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Which pigment is responsible for the yellowish color in the skin of individuals of Asian descent?
Which pigment is responsible for the yellowish color in the skin of individuals of Asian descent?
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What type of sweat gland is characterized by its presence throughout the body and opening directly onto the skin surface?
What type of sweat gland is characterized by its presence throughout the body and opening directly onto the skin surface?
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What condition is characterized by distinct white spots due to a lack of melanocytes?
What condition is characterized by distinct white spots due to a lack of melanocytes?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes hemoglobin?
Which of the following statements accurately describes hemoglobin?
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What structural feature of the dermis helps support the skin?
What structural feature of the dermis helps support the skin?
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What is one of the main functions of sweat glands?
What is one of the main functions of sweat glands?
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What is lanugo?
What is lanugo?
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What is the primary function of the reticular layer of the skin?
What is the primary function of the reticular layer of the skin?
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How does the angora hair type differ from definitive hair?
How does the angora hair type differ from definitive hair?
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What action causes hair to stand on its end, creating goosebumps?
What action causes hair to stand on its end, creating goosebumps?
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Which of the following glands secretes sebum?
Which of the following glands secretes sebum?
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Which layer of hair is responsible for its growth?
Which layer of hair is responsible for its growth?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a function of bones?
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What is the role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
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What is a characteristic of human hair distribution compared to other mammals?
What is a characteristic of human hair distribution compared to other mammals?
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Which of the following areas of the body is generally hairless?
Which of the following areas of the body is generally hairless?
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Where is the hyponychium located?
Where is the hyponychium located?
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What covers the distal surface of the cuticle on the nail?
What covers the distal surface of the cuticle on the nail?
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What happens if the drainage pathway for sebaceous glands becomes blocked?
What happens if the drainage pathway for sebaceous glands becomes blocked?
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What is the composition of sebum?
What is the composition of sebum?
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Which mineral is specifically mentioned as being stored in bones?
Which mineral is specifically mentioned as being stored in bones?
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Which is NOT a characteristic of the reticular layer of the skin?
Which is NOT a characteristic of the reticular layer of the skin?
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Study Notes
Nervous and Muscle Tissue
- Conductivity: Essential characteristic of nervous tissue that allows transmission of signals.
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Muscle Tissue Functions:
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline.
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline.
- Circumduction: Circular movement of a body part.
- Rotation: Movement around an axis, commonly within the vertebral column.
- Inversion/Eversion: Inversion turns the sole medially, while eversion turns it laterally.
- Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion: Dorsiflexion moves the sole anteriorly; plantarflexion moves it posteriorly.
- Supination/Pronation: Supination returns the radius to a parallel position; pronation causes the radius to rotate over the ulna.
- Protraction/Retration: Protraction moves body parts forward; retraction moves them backward.
- Elevation/Depression: Elevation closes the mouth; depression opens the mouth.
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
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Cell Membrane:
- Trilaminar and semipermeable; regulates entry and exit of substances.
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Cytoplasm:
- Colloidal matrix containing organelles, inclusions, and cytoskeleton for structural support.
- Organelles are living structures; inclusions are temporary/non-living structures.
Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, providing energy.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Involved in protein synthesis, featuring attached ribosomes.
- Smooth ER: Responsible for fat transport, hormone synthesis, and calcium ion recapture in muscles.
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Golgi Complex:
- System of flat cisternae; modifies, sorts, and packages cellular compounds.
- Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion and waste processing.
- Peroxisomes: Microbodies involved in metabolism and detoxification.
Pigments and Skin Components
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Melanin:
- Brown-black pigment produced by melanocytes; protects against UV radiation.
- Production increases with sunlight exposure, resulting in tanning.
- Albinos have normal melanocyte count but lack the enzyme tyrosinase, essential for melanin production.
- Freckles and vitiligo are related conditions altering pigmentation.
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Carotene:
- Yellowish pigment contributing to skin color, especially in Asians.
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Hemoglobin:
- Oxygen-binding pigment in red blood cells, influencing skin hue but not classified as a skin pigment.
Skin Structure
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Dermis:
- Deeper and thicker than the epidermis; strong and elastic, holds the body together.
- Contains blood vessels for epidermal nourishment, collagen fibers for support, and various glands and nerve endings.
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Sebaceous Glands:
- Oil-producing glands that keep skin soft and moist; linked to acne if blocked.
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Sweat Glands:
- Sudoriferous glands, abundant in certain areas like palms and soles; composed of two types:
- Merocrine: Common, secretes mostly water and salts.
- Apocrine: Less common, found in specific body areas.
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Hair Structure:
- Consists of shaft (visible part), root (underground), and bulb matrix (growth zone); associated with sebaceous glands and arrector pili muscles.
Types of Hair in Humans
- Lanugo: Fine hair appearing during fetal development.
- Angora: Continuous growth hair, such as scalp and facial hair.
- Definitive: Hair that grows to a certain length then stops, includes eyelashes and pubic hair.
Function of Bones
- Support: Provides structure and shape.
- Protection: Shields vital organs.
- Muscle Attachment: Serves as anchorage for muscles.
- Hemopoiesis: Blood cell production occurs in red bone marrow.
- Mineral Storage: Reservoir for minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
Histology of Bones
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Bone Cells:
- Osteoblasts: Active in bone formation; embryonic origin.
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts.
- Osteoclasts: Responsible for bone resorption and remodeling.
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Description
Explore the characteristics and functions of nervous and muscle tissues in this quiz. Understand the various movements associated with muscle tissue and the role of conductivity in nervous tissue. This quiz is essential for students studying biology or anatomy.
