Types of Muscle and Nervous Tissue

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the oral cavity in the digestive system?

To masticate food and turn it into a bolus (correct)

To absorb nutrients from food

To mix food with digestive enzymes

To store food temporarily

Which of the following is NOT a type of muscle found in the stomach?

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Striated muscle (correct)

Smooth muscle

What is the primary function of neuroglia in the nervous tissue?

To transmit signals to other neurons

To produce and conduct action potentials

To regenerate damaged neurons

To protect, nourish, and insulate neurons (correct)

Which of the following enzymes is involved in the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates in the oral cavity?

Salivary amylase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the pharynx in the digestive system?

To transfer the bolus to the oesophagus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?

Single nucleus per muscle cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the small intestine in the digestive system?

To absorb nutrients from food Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysozyme in the oral cavity?

To protect the oral cavity from bacterial infections Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position of the upper limbs?

Hanging by side with palms forward Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to sense and adjust to changes in the environment?

Responsiveness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the specific relationships or interactions among parts of an organism?

Organisation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability to use energy to perform vital functions?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the position towards the front of the body?

Anterior Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the position away from the point of attachment?

Distal Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the position closer to the midline of the body?

Medial Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of organs that work together to perform a similar function?

Organ system Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the standard reference used to describe body parts and their position relative to other parts?

Anatomical position Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the serous membranes in the body?

To protect, absorb shock, and reduce friction from movements Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the peritoneum?

To protect the abdominal organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cavity that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

Diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs is NOT found in the pelvic cavity?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the parietal pericardium?

To line the body cavity Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts?

Transverse plane Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the visceral peritoneum?

To line the internal organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cavity that contains the thymus, major vessels, heart, trachea, and oesophagus?

Mediastinum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modifying and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the study of tissues?

Histology Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of microvilli?

Increasing the surface area of the cell for absorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of epithelial tissue?

Avascular and innervated Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell (plasma) membrane?

To regulate what enters and leaves the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the cell (plasma) membrane?

A lipid bilayer with embedded proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus?

Control center: carries the code for the structural and functional characteristics of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of connective tissue?

Few cells and lots of extracellular matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

To support the cell and its organelles Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

The somatic nervous system is voluntary, while the autonomic nervous system is involuntary. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of dendritic spines in neurons?

To increase the surface area of the neuron Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the axon hillock in neurons?

To generate action potentials Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

To form a myelin sheath around axons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of microglial cells in the CNS?

To monitor the health of surrounding neurons and phagocytose microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Schwann cells in the PNS?

To form a myelin sheath around axons Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the efferent pathway in the autonomic nervous system?

Action potentials in motor neurons travel from the CNS to smooth or cardiac muscle, or glands Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

To provide support and nutrition to neurons, and respond to tissue damage in the CNS Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of multipolar neurons?

Motor neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of interneurons?

To transmit information from one neuron to another Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Organ Systems and Tissue Types

The digestive system consists of multiple organs that work together to break down and absorb nutrients from food.

Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue has three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.
Skeletal muscle is striated, multinucleate, and voluntary.
Smooth muscle is non-striated, single nucleus, and involuntary.
Cardiac muscle is striated, single nucleus, and involuntary.

Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue consists of neurons and neuroglia.
Neurons produce and conduct action potentials for information processing and conduction of signals.
Neuroglia protects, nourishes, and insulates neurons.

Digestive System

The oral cavity is responsible for masticating food and turning it into a bolus.
The pharynx transfers the bolus to the oesophagus.
The stomach receives the bolus and breaks it down into smaller particles.
The small intestine absorbs nutrients, and the large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.
A set point is the ideal normal value, and a normal range is slightly above or below the set point.

Anatomical Position

The anatomical position is a standard reference for describing body parts and their positions.
In the anatomical position, the upper limbs hang by the side, palms facing forward, lower limbs are straight and together, head and eyes face forward, and the body is standing erect.

Anatomical Terminology

Directional terms include superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, superficial, deep, proximal, distal, medial, and lateral.
Body planes include frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes.

Body Cavities

The thoracic cavity contains the heart, lungs, and major vessels.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, kidneys, pancreas, liver, and spleen.
The pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and parts of the large intestine.

Serous Membranes

Serous membranes protect, absorb shock, and reduce friction from movements.
Examples of serous membranes include the pericardium, pleural membrane, and peritoneum.

Cellular Organelles

Cellular organelles include the nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella, microvilli, and nucleolus.

Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissue covers and protects, is avascular but innervated, and has the ability to regenerate.
Examples of epithelial tissue include simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, and transitional epithelial tissue.

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed primary tissue.
It consists of few cells and lots of extracellular matrix, is vascular, and functions to connect and bind together, support, strengthen, protect, and insulate.### Spinal and Cranial Nerves
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of spinal and cranial nerves.

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

The somatic nervous system affects skeletal muscles, whereas the autonomic nervous system affects smooth muscles, the heart, and glands.
The somatic nervous system has a single neuron system, whereas the autonomic nervous system has a two-neuron system with a ganglion in the middle.
The somatic nervous system is under voluntary control, whereas the autonomic nervous system is under involuntary control.

Structure of Neurons and Function of Components

A neuron consists of dendrites, a cell body, an axon, and axon terminals.
Dendrites receive information, and their dendritic spines increase surface area for receiving information.
The cell body contains the nucleus and maintains the cell's functions.
The axon is a long, thin, tube-like structure that carries information away from the cell body.
The axon hillock is the region of the axon closest to the cell body.
The initial segment is the region of the axon where the action potential begins.
The trigger zone is the region of the axon where action potentials are generated.
Axon collaterals are branches of the axon that allow the neuron to transmit information to multiple neurons.
Axon terminals are the ends of the axon that release neurotransmitters to transmit information to other neurons.
Synaptic knobs are small swellings at the end of the axon terminals where neurotransmitters are released.

Classification of Neurons

Neurons can be classified based on their structure and function.
Multipolar neurons have multiple dendrites and are typically motor neurons.
Bipolar neurons have two dendrites and are typically found in the eyes.
Unipolar neurons have a single dendrite and are typically sensory neurons.
Sensory neurons transmit information to the CNS.
Motor neurons transmit information away from the CNS.
Interneurons transmit information between neurons.

Neuroglial Cells

Astrocytes form a supporting framework for blood vessels and neurons, assist in the formation of tight junctions between endothelial cells, and respond to tissue damage in the CNS.
Ependymal cells line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord.
Microglial cells monitor the health of surrounding neurons, phagocytose microorganisms and debris, and respond to inflammation and trauma.
Oligodendrocytes cover axons and form an insulating myelin sheath around them.
Schwann cells (also called neurolemmocytes) form a myelin sheath around axons in the PNS.
Satellite cells provide support and nutrition to cell bodies in ganglia and protect them from harmful substances.

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

The resting membrane potential is generated due to the characteristics of the cell membrane, which include permeability, ion channels, and ion pumps.

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Description

This quiz covers the characteristics of smooth muscle tissue and nervous tissue, including their functions and components.