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Questions and Answers
What is one method of flash suppression mentioned?
What is one method of flash suppression mentioned?
What percentage of the available energy from propellant gases passes through the muzzle?
What percentage of the available energy from propellant gases passes through the muzzle?
Flash is considered a beneficial feature in combat situations.
Flash is considered a beneficial feature in combat situations.
False
The Blast Shock Wave is primarily silent and not heard by the human ear.
The Blast Shock Wave is primarily silent and not heard by the human ear.
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Name one additive used to inhibit hydrogen oxygen combustion.
Name one additive used to inhibit hydrogen oxygen combustion.
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What type of shock wave is shaped like a bottle?
What type of shock wave is shaped like a bottle?
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The primary function of muzzle devices is to reduce flash visibility by __________ it.
The primary function of muzzle devices is to reduce flash visibility by __________ it.
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Match each type of propellant with its characteristic:
Match each type of propellant with its characteristic:
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The _____ is formed just ahead of the projectile during firing.
The _____ is formed just ahead of the projectile during firing.
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Match the following shock wave types with their descriptions:
Match the following shock wave types with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is NOT a flash suppression method?
Which of the following is NOT a flash suppression method?
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Potassium nitrate is a type of potassium salt used in flash suppression.
Potassium nitrate is a type of potassium salt used in flash suppression.
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Which phase involves the rapid expansion of propellant gases?
Which phase involves the rapid expansion of propellant gases?
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What is formed due to the turbulence caused by high pressure gases released from the muzzle?
What is formed due to the turbulence caused by high pressure gases released from the muzzle?
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Which type of flash occurs after the projectile exits the muzzle?
Which type of flash occurs after the projectile exits the muzzle?
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What is one consequence of using flash suppression methods at night?
What is one consequence of using flash suppression methods at night?
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In the Final Phase, the velocity of outflowing gases increases, causing the bottle shock to expand.
In the Final Phase, the velocity of outflowing gases increases, causing the bottle shock to expand.
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The secondary flash is present in small arms due to high temperature and density of gases.
The secondary flash is present in small arms due to high temperature and density of gases.
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The Precursors Blast Field occurs after the projectile exits the barrel.
The Precursors Blast Field occurs after the projectile exits the barrel.
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What are the two types of shock waves mentioned?
What are the two types of shock waves mentioned?
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What is the term for the turbulence created behind the base of the projectile?
What is the term for the turbulence created behind the base of the projectile?
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What type of blast shock is generated during the Initial Phase?
What type of blast shock is generated during the Initial Phase?
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The ___________ is a shock produced once the base of the bullet crosses the blast shock.
The ___________ is a shock produced once the base of the bullet crosses the blast shock.
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A new large barrel shock and __________ are formed in the Final Phase.
A new large barrel shock and __________ are formed in the Final Phase.
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Match the following flash types with their descriptions:
Match the following flash types with their descriptions:
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Match the following phases with their characteristics:
Match the following phases with their characteristics:
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What occurs in Phase I of the Main Blast Field?
What occurs in Phase I of the Main Blast Field?
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What can be used to suppress the blast shock from small calibre weapons?
What can be used to suppress the blast shock from small calibre weapons?
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Incandescence is characterized by a faint glow emitted during the cooling of gases.
Incandescence is characterized by a faint glow emitted during the cooling of gases.
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The barrel shock expands continuously throughout all phases of the blast field.
The barrel shock expands continuously throughout all phases of the blast field.
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What is the term for the shock caused by gases striking the base of a projectile near the muzzle?
What is the term for the shock caused by gases striking the base of a projectile near the muzzle?
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What is the main purpose of sound suppressors in firearms?
What is the main purpose of sound suppressors in firearms?
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Study Notes
Intermediate Ballistics
- Intermediate ballistics encompasses the study of the projectile's flight, the blast and flash of a firearm, and methods to suppress or reduce both.
- Key factors include heat, pressure, and motion.
Energy Distribution
- 45% of propellant energy is used to propel the gases.
- 30% of propellant energy propels the projectile.
- 25% of propellant energy is retained by the barrel.
Shock Wave
- An abrupt change in pressure, temperature, and density forms a shock wave.
- Types include blast shock waves and bottle shocks.
- Blast shock waves radiate outwards from the muzzle at the speed of sound.
Blast Shock Wave
- Release of high-pressure gases at the muzzle causes turbulence.
- Resultant pressure waves radiate outwards from the muzzle.
- Waves travel in both directions away from and towards the muzzle.
- The outgoing shock wave appears as an abrupt pressure increase.
Bottle Shock
- A quasi-static shock wave.
- Shaped like a bottle.
- Shaped depending on the velocity of the outgoing gas.
- It consists of a barrel shock, mach disc, and bottle shock.
Precursor Blast Field
- Shock wave forms in front of the projectile.
- It releases as a nearly spherical precursor shock.
- Flowing air velocity increases, forming a small bottle shock.
Main Blast Field
- Projectile emerges from the muzzle followed by high-pressure propellant gases.
- It creates a powerful blast shock, known as the main blast.
- The main blast shock catches up with the precursor blast shock.
Phases of Main Blast Field
- Initial Phase: Projectile emerges, high-pressure propellant gases are released, blast field is highly non-spherical, distorted, and shaped by the high velocity of gases, stern shocks produced by gases striking projectile.
- Expansion Phase: Propellant gases expand rapidly, increasing velocity, and adding to the projectile's acceleration, new shock waves and mach disc forms, projectile passes through the blast field.
- Final Phase: New large barrel shock and mach discs are formed, the velocity of the outflowing gases decreases, the bottle shock shrinks and withdraws within the barrel, the supersonic projectile passes through the blast field, and the main blast shock tends to catch up with the precursor blast shock.
Shock Wave (Initial Phase)
- Projectile emerges from the muzzle.
- High-pressure propellant gases are released into the atmosphere.
- This process generates a highly non-spherical blast shock.
Stern Shock
- Shock produced when gases strike the base of the projectile near the muzzle.
Expansion of Blast Field
- Initially, the blast field is highly non-spherical.
- The presence of the projectile and high velocity flow of gases distort the blast field.
- Propellant gases rapidly expand, and the expansion accelerates to velocities greater than the projectile.
Final Phase of the Blast Field
- A new large barrel shock and a mach disc are formed.
- As the outflowing gas velocity reduces, the bottle shock shrinks and withdraws within the barrel.
- The supersonic projectile passes through the blast field.
Flash
- Visible light emitted from the vicinity of the muzzle.
- Hot propellant gases produce chemical reactions with the surrounding air.
- Flash is categorized into stages including pre-flash, primary, intermediate, and secondary.
Flash Stages
- Pre-flash (muzzle glow): Hot gases and particles leak past the projectile.
- Primary flash: High temperature gases emit visible radiation after the projectile exits the muzzle.
- Intermediate flash: Rapidly expanding and cooling gases pass through the mach disc causing recompression and a faint muzzle glow.
- Secondary flash: Hot combustible gases ignite with atmospheric oxygen furthest from the muzzle.
Incandescence
- Hot particles and burning propellant may appear long streaks of light in the projectile's wake.
Methods of Blast Suppression
- Blast shock from small-caliber weapons can be suppressed using attachments to the muzzle.
- These attachments alter the escaping gas flow, reducing muzzle blast intensity.
- Sound suppressors are also called sound moderators or silencers.
Methods of Blast Suppression Breakdown
- Blast absorption: Using material like steel wool.
- Blast dissipation: Using channels and flow patterns to disperse the energy.
- Blast containment & controlled release: Controlling the escape of gas.
Flash Suppression
- Flash is undesirable, particularly at night.
- It hampers the firer's vision and reveals their position.
- Methods of flash suppression include muzzle devices, propellants alteration, and propellant additives.
Muzzle Devices
- Surround the primary flash.
- Hide the flash from the sides.
- Disperse and break up bottle shock and mach disc, reducing the intermediate flash. Examples include slotted-Negev LMG, perforated 5.56, bar-sig sauer 716.
Additives/Inhibitors
- Inhibiting hydrogen/oxygen combustion.
- Using potassium and sodium salts, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, potassium cryolite, and sodium cryolite.
- Reducing power, increasing smoke, and increasing fouling..
Propellants & Intermediate Ballistics
- Degree of propellants burning properties- Degressive; Neutral; Progressive.
- Types of propellants - Single; Double; Triple. Triple use nitroguanidine- A cooling effect and more smoke.
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Description
Test your knowledge on muzzle devices and flash suppression techniques. This quiz covers topics such as propellant gases, shock waves, and various methods used to inhibit flash in combat situations. Perfect for those interested in firearms technology.
