Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the byproduct of glycolysis?
What is the byproduct of glycolysis?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for stimulating skeletal muscles?
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for stimulating skeletal muscles?
What is the main function of neuroglia in the CNS?
What is the main function of neuroglia in the CNS?
Which ions are necessary for muscle contraction?
Which ions are necessary for muscle contraction?
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What is the final product of anaerobic metabolism?
What is the final product of anaerobic metabolism?
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Where does aerobic metabolism take place in the cell?
Where does aerobic metabolism take place in the cell?
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Study Notes
Muscular System
- A sarcomere contains two main types of myofilaments: thick filaments (myosin) and thin filaments (actin)
- Three essential ions and minerals for muscle contraction are: calcium, sodium, and potassium
- Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released in a neuromuscular junction
Anaerobic Metabolism
- Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH
- Glycolysis takes place in the cell's cytoplasm
- Glycolysis often starts with glucose, a six-carbon carbohydrate
- The final product of glycolysis is pyruvate, which is then converted into lactic acid or used in the citric acid cycle
- 2 ATP are produced once the final product is completed
Aerobic Metabolism
- Aerobic metabolism is the process of generating ATP from glucose, fatty acids, and other energy sources in the presence of oxygen
- The two metabolic pathways used for ATP production are: citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation
- Aerobic metabolism takes place in the mitochondria
- Oxidative phosphorylation produces the most ATP
Nervous System
Divisions of the Nervous System
- The nervous system is divided into: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- The CNS is responsible for homeostasis and integrates sensory information
- The Somatic Nervous System (SNS) stimulates skeletal muscles and is responsible for the "Fight or Flight" response
- The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) stimulates smooth and cardiac muscle, cells of glands, and adipose tissue, and is responsible for the "Rest and Digest" response
- The direction of nerve stimulation in the sensory pathway is towards the CNS, while in the motor pathway it is away from the CNS
Action Potential and Neurotransmitter Release
- Three ions that help with the movement of an action potential and release of the neurotransmitter are: sodium, potassium, and calcium
Reflex
- A reflex is an automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus, often involving a sensory receptor, a neuron, and an effector organ
Neuroglia
- In the CNS, the four types of neuroglia are: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia
- In the PNS, the two types of neuroglia are: Schwann cells and satellite cells
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Description
Explore the muscular system, including myofilaments, neuromuscular junctions, and ions necessary for contraction. Also, learn about anaerobic metabolism, glycolysis, and ATP production.
