Questions and Answers
What are the three types of muscular tissue?
Skeletal muscle tissue, Cardiac muscle tissue, Smooth muscle tissue
What are the features of Skeletal muscle tissue?
Attached to bones, striated, voluntary
What are the features of Cardiac muscle tissue?
Forms most of the wall of the heart, striated, involuntary
What are the features of Smooth muscle tissue?
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What are the 5 key functions of muscular tissue?
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What are the connective tissue coverings associated with muscular tissue?
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What are tendons?
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What provides nutrients and oxygen to skeletal muscles for contraction?
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Skeletal muscle consists of muscle fibers covered by a ______.
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What do skeletal muscle fibers contain?
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What is a sarcomere?
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Thick filaments are composed of _________. Thin filaments are composed of ________.
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Muscle contraction occurs when:
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What is the neuromuscular junction?
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What is a motor unit?
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What is the sliding filament mechanism?
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What turns off the contraction cycle?
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Describe the contraction cycle.
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How is muscle tone produced?
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What are the three sources of ATP production in muscle fibers?
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Creatine phosphate and ATP provide enough energy for muscles to contract maximally for ____________ seconds.
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Anaerobic cellular respiration provides enough ATP for _________ seconds of maximal muscle activity.
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Muscular activity that lasts longer than 1 minute depends on:
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What is muscle fatigue?
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What is recovery oxygen uptake?
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What is a twitch contraction?
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What is myogram?
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What is wave summation?
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What is unfused (incomplete) tetanus?
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What is fused (complete) tetanus?
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What is motor unit recruitment?
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On the basis of structure and function, what are the three classifications of skeletal muscle fibers?
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What order are the motor units in a muscle recruited?
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Endurance-type (aerobic) exercises cause:
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Exercises that require great strength for short periods of time produce:
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How do skeletal muscles produce movement?
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What is the origin?
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What is the insertion?
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What does the prime mover (agonist) produce?
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What does the antagonist produce?
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What does the synergist do?
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What does the fixator do?
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Principle skeletal muscles of the body are grouped according to:
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The names of most skeletal muscles indicate:
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What are the major descriptive categories of skeletal muscles?
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When older persons start losing skeletal muscle, what is it replaced by?
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Aging also results in a _______ in muscle strength, ________ muscle reflexes, and ________ of flexibility.
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Study Notes
Types of Muscular Tissue
- Three types of muscular tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.
- Skeletal muscle: attached to bones, striated, and under voluntary control.
- Cardiac muscle: found in heart walls, striated, and involuntary.
- Smooth muscle: located in viscera, non-striated, and involuntary.
Functions of Muscular Tissue
- Produces body movements and stabilizes body positions.
- Regulates organ volume and facilitates movement of substances within the body.
- Generates heat as a byproduct of muscle activity.
Connective Tissue in Muscles
- Epimysium: covers the entire muscle.
- Perimysium: encases fascicles, or bundles of muscle fibers.
- Endomysium: surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Muscle Attachments and Energy Supply
- Tendons serve as extensions of connective tissue, attaching muscle to bone.
- Nerves and blood vessels deliver nutrients and oxygen necessary for muscle contraction.
Muscle Fiber Structure
- Each skeletal muscle fiber is encased in a sarcolemma.
- Muscle fibers contain sarcoplasm, multiple nuclei, mitochondria, myoglobin, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Sarcomeres and Filament Composition
- Sarcomeres are the functional units of myofibrils, composed of thick (myosin) and thin (actin, tropomyosin, troponin) filaments.
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
- Muscle contraction occurs when myosin heads walk along thin filaments, pulling them toward the center.
- The neuromuscular junction is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
- A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates.
Mechanisms and Types of Contraction
- The sliding filament mechanism describes how filaments slide past each other to shorten muscle fibers.
- Muscle contraction is controlled by calcium ions; a decrease in Ca2+ stops the contraction cycle.
- Muscle tone results from the continuous involuntary activation of some motor units.
ATP Production Sources
- Muscle fibers generate ATP through creatine phosphate, anaerobic, and aerobic respiration.
- Creatine phosphate and ATP support maximal contraction for about 15 seconds.
- Anaerobic respiration provides ATP for 30-40 seconds of intense activity.
- Sustained activity beyond one minute relies on aerobic respiration.
Muscle Fatigue and Recovery
- Muscle fatigue refers to the inability to contract forcefully after prolonged activity.
- Recovery oxygen uptake involves increased oxygen consumption following exercise.
Muscle Contraction Patterns
- Twitch contraction results from a single action potential.
- Myograms record muscle contractions, showing the latent, contraction, and relaxation periods.
- Wave summation increases contraction strength with successive stimuli.
- Unfused tetanus exhibits partial relaxation, while fused tetanus maintains a strong, sustained contraction.
Skeletal Muscle Fiber Classification
- Skeletal muscle fibers are classified into slow oxidative (SO), fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), and fast glycolytic (FG) fibers.
- Recruitment order of fibers: SO, then FOG, then FG fibers.
- Aerobic exercises can transform FG fibers into FOG fibers.
- Strength training enhances FG fiber size and strength.
Muscle Movement Principles
- Skeletal muscles move by pulling on tendons attached to bones.
- Muscles have an origin (stationary attachment) and an insertion (movable attachment).
- Prime movers (agonists) perform the primary action; antagonists provide opposing actions.
- Synergists assist prime movers, and fixators stabilize the origin for efficient action.
Muscle Aging and Development
- Major skeletal muscles are categorized based on region and characteristics.
- Skeletal muscle names often reflect their features.
- Muscle loss occurs around age 30, typically replaced by fibrous connective tissue and fat.
- Aging is associated with decreased strength, slower reflexes, and reduced flexibility.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the muscular system with this quiz focused on the key types and features of muscular tissue. Explore skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle characteristics in detail. Perfect for students studying anatomy or physiology!