Khan Psychology p136-150 Motivation Theories Overview

<p>Id (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sublimation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superego (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primitive instincts and unacknowledged information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defense strategies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The strength of intentions and implications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knowledge of appropriate behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A specific event (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The association of behaviors with rewards to encourage repetition. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Financial resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It should be obtainable and realistic. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superficial cues versus argument quality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides positive stimulation after a behavior to increase its occurrence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inform how others perceive a behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>B.F. Skinner (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It assesses the ease or difficulty of controlling a behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychological factors focused on emotional eating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attitudes towards the behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes hunger when functioning normally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parents use incentives to shape children's behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perfection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to encourage a behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conscious and the ego ideal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrinsic motivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Safety needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They differ from person to person in terms of realization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivation to fulfill specific biological needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physiological (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One of the other two roles may dominate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reticular formation theory by Hans Eysenck (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reward and punishment systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social potency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine-4 receptor gene (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They still exhibit similar personalities despite environmental differences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achievement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stable mood and activity levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traditionalism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They weaken the connection between attitudes and behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads individuals to agree to small actions first, later complying with larger actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps clarify and strengthen existing attitudes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adopting a new role that eventually feels natural over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attitudes always dictate behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can shape attitudes towards a company based on how well presented the arguments are. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that attitudes can be determined from a variety of behaviors observed over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitively, assessing the quality of arguments and the presenter's knowledge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unconscious desires are fundamental motivators that drive our actions but are hidden from our conscious awareness. They contribute to our personality and behaviors.

The Libido is a natural energy source that fuels our mind, driving our motivation for survival, growth, pleasure, and other life experiences.

The Death Instinct represents an aggressive and destructive force within us, fueled by an unconscious wish to die or harm ourselves or others.

Projection is when we project our own feelings of inadequacy or insecurity onto another person or situation. We attribute our own shortcomings to others.

Reaction formation is a defense mechanism where we act or say the exact opposite of what we truly want or feel, masking our true emotions.

Regression is a defense mechanism where we regress or withdraw to a more childish state during difficult situations, seeking comfort and security.

Sublimation is a defense mechanism that transforms unwanted impulses or desires into socially acceptable behaviors. It channels those urges into something more constructive.

Fixation refers to becoming stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development. This leads to unresolved conflicts and can influence adult personality traits.

A theory that explains how rewards, either tangible or intangible, motivate people to repeat a specific behavior. The goal is to create a positive association with the desired action.

A type of reinforcement that involves presenting a positive stimulus after a behavior, making the behavior more likely to occur again.

A type of reinforcement that involves removing a negative stimulus after a behavior, making the behavior more likely to occur again.

A brain region that controls hunger and eating. Damaged LH can lead to a lack of desire to eat.

Factors that influence food, sex, and drug intake, including both internal biological factors and external social and cultural factors.

Internal biological factors that influence food, sex, and drug intake, like hormones and brain structures.

External social and cultural influences that impact food, sex, and drug intake, such as cultural norms, social expectations, and personal values.

The process of motivating someone to repeat a desired behavior through continuous positive stimulation.

Part of the personality that represents internalized moral standards and ideals. It strives for perfection and judges behavior based on right and wrong. It also stems from the ego ideal, which reflects what someone wants to be, and the conscious, which represents what someone shouldn't be.

The component of the personality driven by instinctual impulses and desires. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification without considering consequences.

The mediator between the Id's primal desires and the Superego's moral restrictions. It operates on the reality principle, seeking to balance instinctual urges with social constraints.

Motivation driven by external rewards or obligations. It involves doing something to receive an external benefit, such as money, praise, or avoidance of punishment.

Motivation stemming from internal desires, interests, and the enjoyment of an activity itself. It involves doing something because you find it intrinsically satisfying.

Motivation based on the need to reduce a physiological drive, such as hunger or thirst. It involves acting to fulfill a basic biological need.

A psychological state characterized by the absence of motivation. It's a feeling of apathy and lack of interest in doing anything.

A hierarchical model of needs proposed by Abraham Maslow, organized in a pyramid, where basic needs (physiological and safety) must be fulfilled before higher-level needs (love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization) can be prioritized.

The tendency to agree to increasingly larger actions, starting with small requests. Similar to how people are brainwashed. Eventually, the 'door' is completely open.

The idea that our attitudes can change to match our behavior, especially when social pressure is strong. This happens when our behaviors influence our thoughts and beliefs.

The process of assuming a new role, like becoming a parent or starting a new job. Initial discomfort in the role gradually fades as we adapt to the expected behavior, leading to a shift in attitude.

A principle suggesting that observing a pattern of behavior over time is more accurate than judging based on a single instance. It's about looking at the overall trend, not just one isolated action.

The tendency for people to act in ways that are consistent with their attitude, even when there is social pressure to do otherwise.

When social influences are minimized, people are more likely to act honestly. Think of how a secret ballot encourages people to vote their true preference.

Examining our own thoughts and feelings about a situation can strengthen our attitude and make it more likely to influence our behavior.

Our intentions are driven by three key factors: our attitudes towards a behavior, the perceived norms around it, and our perceived control over performing the behavior.

This model proposes that an event triggers our attitude towards a specific object, which then, combined with our existing knowledge and societal norms, influences our behavior.

This model suggests that our behavior results from six main components: past behavior, attitudes, subjective norms, intentions, willingness, and modeling.

This model highlights the cognitive processes involved in persuasion, suggesting two distinct pathways to influence attitudes and behavior: central and peripheral routes.

This route focuses on the strength and quality of the arguments presented by the persuader. The more persuasive and logical the arguments, the greater the attitude change.

This route relies on superficial aspects of the persuader, such as their attractiveness, expertise, or status, rather than the strength of their message.

It is the degree to which we believe we have the ability to control our behavior.

They are our beliefs about what important others think about us performing a certain behavior.

Hans Eysenck's theory suggests that introverts experience higher levels of arousal, leading them to avoid excessive stimulation, while extroverts seek more stimulation to reach their optimal arousal level.

Jeffrey Gray's theory proposes that personality is shaped by two key systems: the Behavioral Inhibition System, associated with avoidance and punishment, and the Behavioral Activation System, linked to reward seeking.

According to C. Robert Cloninger, personality is influenced by brain systems associated with reward, motivation, and punishment. For example, low dopamine levels are linked to increased impulsivity.

The study of identical twins, who share the same genetic makeup, is crucial in understanding the relative contributions of genes and environment to personality.

Research on identical twins raised separately demonstrates that personality traits often remain remarkably similar even when raised in distinct environments, suggesting a significant genetic component.

Social potency is a personality trait characterized by an individual's eagerness to take on leadership roles and excel in social situations. This trait tends to be common in identical twins raised separately.

Traditionalism, a preference for following established norms and authority, is another personality trait commonly observed in identical twins raised in different environments.

Temperament, defined as an innate disposition, shapes an individual's emotional reactivity and activity levels. Temperament is believed to be relatively stable throughout life.