Motivation & Emotion Quiz

Emotions that are innate and evolved to help us handle situations adaptively. They are not random but tied to specific situations.

Emotions trigger actions and keep us motivated to reach goals.

Emotions help us interact with others, and support prosocial or beneficial behaviors.

Our thoughts and beliefs about a situation shape how we experience and express emotions, which can vary by culture.

Emotions like pride, shame, guilt, and embarrassment develop later in life and are influenced by others.

Emotion arises from physiological responses to a stimulus.

Emotional experience and physiological response happen simultaneously.

Emotions are a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation.

Part of the nervous system that controls automatic functions like heart rate.

Part of ANS, involved in the 'fight or flight' response.

Part of ANS, calming effect.

Processes fear and anger; part of the limbic system; it processes information about emotions.

Provides meaning to emotions; links emotions to memories and experiences.

An internal state that starts, directs, and keeps physical and mental activities going.

Basic needs like food, water, warmth, and love that are essential for survival and growth.

A part of the brain that controls basic bodily functions like hunger, thirst, and sleep.

Automatic, pre-programmed tendencies that help us survive.

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

A theory in which internal drives (like hunger or thirst) motivate behavior to maintain a balanced state.

External factors that motivate us, even if they're not directly related to survival needs.

Motives that are not directly linked to survival needs but are learned, like achievement or affiliation.

A theory suggesting that our motivation depends on how likely we think we'll succeed and how much we care about the rewards.

A pyramid-like system of human needs, where basic physiological needs must be met before higher levels can be addressed.

The idea that humans are motivated by autonomy (choice), competence (feeling capable), and relatedness (connection).

A personality trait reflecting the importance people place on achieving goals, especially challenging ones. They are more focused on personal achievement than competing with others.

Focusing on personal learning and improvement, aiming to understand and master a topic, regardless of how others perform.

Focusing on comparing one's performance to others, aiming to outperform and be seen as better.

Goals driven by the motivation to learn and improve, aiming to gain maximum knowledge and understanding.

Goals driven by the motivation to outperform others, aiming to be seen as more competent or skilled.

Complex reactions to situations involving physiological changes, thoughts, expressions, and behaviors. They are generally positive or negative.

A long-lasting emotional state that influences your overall view of the world. It is more general than an emotion.

The observable behaviors associated with emotions, like your facial expressions, voice tone, and posture.

The study of how and why people change over time, from conception to death. It's about the physical, psychological, and social aspects of development.

Distinct periods in development characterized by abrupt changes. It's the idea that we move through steps with different qualities in each phase.

A research method where the same individuals are repeatedly observed and tested over time to study the course of development.

A research method where people of different ages are compared at the same time to study age-related differences.

Studies that describe the typical characteristics of a specific age or developmental stage, focusing on averages and norms.

A research method that combines both longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to study age changes across different generations.

Development is a long process with both gains and losses. We acquire new skills, but older capabilities may decline.

Understanding developmental psychology helps us understand human growth and behavior at all ages, supporting healthier development and effective interventions.

Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Each stage involves different ways of thinking and understanding the world.

Assimilation is when we fit new information into existing mental structures or schemes. It's like fitting a new puzzle piece into an existing puzzle.

Accommodation is when we adjust our existing mental structures to accommodate new information. It's like changing the puzzle to fit the new piece.

Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when we can't see them. This develops around 2 years old.

Egocentrism is the inability to see things from another person's perspective. It's common in young children.

Conservation is the understanding that the amount of something stays the same even if its appearance changes. This develops in the concrete operational stage.

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is the gap between what a learner can do independently and with help. This is where effective learning takes place.

Theory of Mind is the ability to understand that others have different thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives than our own.

Socialization is the lifelong process of learning the values, behaviors, and norms of our culture. It's how we become part of society.

Erikson identified eight stages of psychosocial development, each with a unique crisis or conflict individuals must navigate throughout their lives.

A person's biologically based way of responding emotionally and behaviorally to the environment. It's how easily we get excited, how calm or anxious we tend to be.

A strong emotional bond between a child and their primary caregiver, providing a sense of security and comfort.

A rapid and irreversible learning process in some species, where a young animal forms a strong attachment to the first moving object they see.

A mental representation of how relationships work, based on early attachment experiences. It influences how we interact with others later in life.

The physical closeness and touch experienced in the attachment relationship, providing a sense of safety and security.

A research method used to assess attachment styles in infants, where a child's behavior is observed in a controlled setting with their caregiver, a stranger, and separations.

A healthy attachment style where a child feels safe and secure with their caregiver, allowing them to explore and learn independently.

Different approaches to raising children, ranging on a spectrum of demandingness (setting rules) and responsiveness (being warm and supportive).

The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development, occurring during infancy (birth to 1 year), where infants learn to trust others based on consistent care and responsiveness. If their needs aren't met regularly, they may develop mistrust.

Erikson's second stage, during toddlerhood (1 to 2 years), where children strive for independence and self-confidence by learning to do things on their own, like toilet training. Overprotective parenting can lead to doubts and insecurity.

The first stage of Erikson's theory, focusing on the development of trust or mistrust based on the infant's experience with feeding and care.

The second stage of Erikson's theory, focused on toddlers developing autonomy and self-control through learning to manage tasks like toilet training and dressing themselves.

Eight distinct stages of psychosocial development, each marked by a specific crisis or conflict individuals face. Successfully navigating these conflicts builds healthy personality development.

Consistent care and responsiveness are essential for infants to build trust. Babies who aren't consistently cared for may develop mistrust, impacting their future relationships and social skills.

Overprotection by parents can inhibit toddlers from developing autonomy and self-confidence. They might feel less capable and exhibit more doubt in their abilities later in life.

Children who experience a lot of doubt during this stage may develop a lack of confidence in their abilities later in life. They might be less likely to take risks or try new things.

This stage, from 6 to 12 years old, involves children developing a sense of competence through school and social activities. They are learning to be productive and succeed. If they struggle, they can develop feelings of inadequacy.

Children successfully navigate this stage by experiencing pleasure in productive work and feeling capable of completing tasks. They develop a sense of confidence in their abilities.

If children struggle with academic or social challenges in this stage, they may develop feelings of inadequacy and inferiority, believing they are not good enough.

During adolescence (12-18 years old), individuals try to figure out who they are and what their place is in the world. They are searching for their identity by exploring different roles and values.

By successfully navigating this stage, adolescents develop a strong sense of self, knowing who they are and what they stand for. This helps them make deliberate decisions about their future.

If adolescents struggle to define their identity and make choices about their future, they may experience role confusion, feeling lost and unclear about their purpose in life.

This stage, from 19 to 40 years old, focuses on establishing close and meaningful relationships with others. It's about finding a sense of connection and deep intimacy, which requires a sense of trust and vulnerability.

Individuals who successfully navigate this stage develop the ability to form deep and lasting connections with others. They are capable of loving and being loved, sharing their lives with others.

A deep and meaningful connection with another person, involving emotional closeness, trust, and commitment.

The psychosocial crisis of middle adulthood, where individuals strive to contribute to society and guide future generations or become stagnant and self-absorbed.

The psychosocial crisis of late adulthood, where individuals reflect on their lives, seeking meaning and acceptance or experiencing regret and despair.

While physical closeness can be a component of intimacy, intimacy requires emotional vulnerability, trust, and shared experiences. It goes beyond mere physical contact.

Parenting is a primary example of generativity, as it involves nurturing and guiding the next generation. However, generativity encompasses a broader meaning, including contributing to society in any meaningful way.

It involves accepting one's life, both the good and the bad, and finding meaning in it. It's about living a life with purpose and accepting mortality peacefully.

Erikson believed that embracing generativity helps us cope with death. By focusing on leaving a positive impact on the world, we can find meaning beyond our own mortality.

In each stage, achieving positive outcomes involves successfully navigating the psychosocial crisis by embracing growth, connection, and contributing to society. This leads to a sense of fulfillment and meaning.

The conflict faced in early childhood (2-6 years) where children explore their independence and take initiative, but can develop guilt if their actions are constantly met with disapproval.

Play and hero worship are crucial ways for children in this stage to express their initiative and explore different roles.

School is where children in this stage develop industry, learn to work with others, and experience the value of perseverance.

If children are not allowed to take initiative and experiment with their own ideas, they may develop a sense of guilt and doubt their own abilities.

If children are not able to experience success and see the value of their work, they may develop a sense of inferiority and feel inadequate.

Children need to be reassured that their initiative is accepted and encouraged, even if it's small. They should also understand that some things are not allowed.

Children need to be helped to understand the link between effort and achievement. They need to see that their work is valued and that they are capable of success.

A psychological condition where a person experiences physical symptoms like paralysis or blindness, but there's no underlying medical reason. It's thought to be a way of dealing with emotional stress.

A condition where someone forgets important personal events due to psychological stress, not physical injury. It's like the brain shields itself from trauma.

A state where a person 'wanders' with amnesia and a new identity. They don't remember who they are and might move to a different location.

A condition where two or more distinct personalities exist within one person, with unique behaviors and memories. It's often a result of severe trauma.

A severe mental illness causing fragmented thoughts, distorted perceptions, and unusual emotions. Hallucinations and delusions are common.

False beliefs that distort reality, held firmly despite evidence to the contrary. They can be about persecution, grandeur, or other themes.

False sensory experiences like seeing or hearing things that don't exist. They can be visual, auditory, or involve other senses.

Schizophrenia has both positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are added behaviors like hallucinations, while negative symptoms are a lack of normal behaviors like emotions.

A group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive fear, worry, and anxiety that interferes with daily life.

An anxiety disorder where individuals experience persistent and excessive worry, often about everyday issues, for at least 6 months.

A disorder marked by sudden, unexpected panic attacks, characterized by intense physical and psychological symptoms.

An irrational and persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.

A type of phobia where individuals fear social situations involving potential scrutiny or judgement from others.

A type of phobia focusing on a particular object or situation, such as spiders, heights, or blood.

A disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors (compulsions) to reduce anxiety.

A disorder developing after a traumatic event, characterized by intrusive memories, nightmares, emotional distress, and avoidance behaviors.

A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities, impacting daily functioning.

A mood disorder characterized by alternating episodes of mania (elevated mood) and depression.

The study of mental disorders, focusing on their nature, causes, and treatments. It helps us understand how people think, feel, and behave when they're struggling.

This model explains that psychological disorders arise from a combination of a predisposing vulnerability (diathesis) and a triggering stressor. It's like a weak dam that breaks when flooded.

Stressors are events or situations that can trigger a disorder. Examples include job loss, divorce, death in the family, or even being stuck in traffic. These events can be challenging for anyone.

Freud believed that psychological disorders arise from conflicts between the id (basic instincts), ego (reality), and superego (morality) in the unconscious mind.

Early beliefs linked mental illness to evil spirits or demonic possession, leading to treatments like exorcism and trephining (drilling holes in the skull).

Ancient Greeks believed that health and behavior depended on four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. An imbalance was thought to cause illness.

Kraepelin classified disorders based on patterns of symptoms, paving the way for modern diagnostic systems and effective drug therapies.

The study of the factors that cause or contribute to the development of mental disorders. It helps us understand the origins of illness.

The process of identifying and classifying a mental disorder based on symptoms, behaviors, and patterns. It's like labeling a condition for better understanding and treatment.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, is a widely used system for classifying and diagnosing mental disorders.

Women are twice as likely to experience depression compared to men. This is due to factors like higher rates of negative experiences, such as sexual abuse, poverty, and single parenthood, as well as a tendency towards internal, global explanatory styles and rumination.

These are disorders characterized by physical symptoms, such as pain or fatigue, that cannot be fully explained by medical conditions. Individuals with these disorders may experience excessive worry about their health or believe they are seriously ill, despite medical reassurances.

A type of somatoform disorder where individuals have a persistent fear of illness and are preoccupied with the belief that they are physically ill or will become ill, despite medical reassurances.

A type of somatoform disorder characterized by a long history of physical complaints that are not medically explained. Individuals may experience a variety of symptoms across different medical categories, including pain, gastrointestinal issues, sexual symptoms, and neurological symptoms.

While women attempt suicide more often, men are more likely to succeed. Suicide rates are highest among Canadian youth aged 15-24, especially in northern regions.

A condition that significantly affects a person's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors, causing distress and difficulty functioning in daily life. It is often characterized by symptoms that disrupt normal mental processes.

The idea that mental disorders are not distinct categories but rather exist on a continuum with different levels of severity. There's no clear line between normal and abnormal behavior.

Making judgments about mental health without bias, relying on facts and evidence, considering the individual's situation and context.

Important concepts in mental health assessments, ensuring that diagnoses are consistent and accurate, measuring what they are supposed to measure.

A study that demonstrated the potential for bias in psychiatric diagnoses. Healthy individuals were admitted to mental hospitals with fake symptoms, later labelled as 'insane' even after exhibiting normal behaviour.

One of the key criteria for identifying abnormal behaviour. When a person's thoughts, feelings, or behaviours cause significant distress or disrupt their ability to function.

Important factors to consider when assessing mental health. What is considered 'abnormal' in one culture may be normal in another. Social situations also shape how behaviour is understood.

The study of unusual thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. It explores the roots of mental disorders, how they are diagnosed, and how they can be treated.

Therapies that assume psychological problems stem from unconscious conflicts between impulses and life constraints. They explore the link between current symptoms and inner conflicts.

A prominent psychodynamic therapy that focuses on exploring the relationship between current symptoms and unconscious conflicts. The goal is to achieve inner harmony by releasing repressed emotions and gaining insight.

A technique where clients report thoughts, feelings, and images as their mind wanders freely. It helps uncover repressed material.

A client's reluctance or inability to discuss certain topics, revealing areas of conflict or anxiety.

Examining the content of dreams to uncover hidden meanings and motivations. Dreams are seen as expressions of unconscious desires and conflicts.

When a client projects feelings onto the therapist, often based on past relationships.

When a therapist projects feelings onto a client, based on personal experiences.

Therapies focused on observable behaviors and learning processes. The goal is to modify maladaptive behaviors and replace them with adaptive ones.

A behavioral therapy technique to replace unwanted behaviors with more desirable ones by pairing pleasant stimuli with the feared object or situation.

A gradual method to reduce fear by exposing the person to increasingly anxiety-provoking situations while they practice relaxation techniques.

A type of exposure therapy where a person is directly immersed in their feared situation for an extended period.

A technique that pairs a harmful or undesirable behavior with an unpleasant stimulus to discourage its repetition.

A strategy that aims to change behavior by altering its consequences, like rewarding good behavior and ignoring bad behavior.

Using rewards or positive consequences to increase the frequency of desired behavior.

Withholding positive reinforcements to decrease the frequency of an undesirable behavior.

A therapy that focuses on changing negative thought patterns to improve emotions and behaviors.

A form of therapy where a trained professional uses psychological theories and research to help individuals with mental health issues.

The collaborative relationship between a client and a therapist, built on trust and mutual understanding, crucial for successful therapy.

1. Diagnosing the cause of impairment, 2. Identifying the likely origin of the problem, 3. Predicting the course of the problem, 4. Implementing treatments to change thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Type of therapy focusing on changing the brain's mechanisms, often through medication or other biological interventions.

Different approaches to therapy, including psychodynamic, behavior, cognitive, and humanistic, each focusing on specific aspects of behavior and thought.

Guidelines therapists must follow, including ensuring client understanding of goals, treating within expertise, and safeguarding confidentiality.

Therapy can be offered in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, private practice, and even online platforms.

Therapists should prioritize treatments supported by scientific research and evidence, ensuring effective interventions for clients.