Motivation & Emotion Quiz

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How do negative emotions generally affect cognitive functioning?

They enhance memory recall.

They broaden attention.

They narrow attention. (correct)

They eliminate cognitive load.

What role does culture play in the expression of emotions?

Culture establishes universal emotional responses.

Culture has no impact on emotional display.

Culture eliminates all emotional expressions.

Culture influences the display rules for emotions. (correct)

According to the content, when do self-conscious emotions begin to develop?

During early adolescence.

Immediately after birth.

Within the first nine months of life. (correct)

Before birth.

What are basic emotions primarily considered to be?

Adaptive reactions to specific stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the evolutionary perspective on emotions proposed by Charles Darwin?

Emotions serve specific purposes to regulate behavior in recurring situations. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of motivation does NOT vary between individuals?

The underlying biological factors Signup and view all the answers

According to the outlined content, which brain region is primarily responsible for governing homeostasis?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of instincts in motivation according to the content?

They are essential for the survival of a species Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines motivation as presented in the outline?

An internal state that sets direction and activates thoughts Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about psychological motives is accurate based on the content?

They arise from learned behaviors and individual experiences. Signup and view all the answers

What does the James-Lange Theory suggest about the relationship between physiological reactions and emotions?

Physiological reactions precede and lead to the experience of emotions. Signup and view all the answers

According to the Cannon-Bard Theory, what happens when an emotional stimulus is presented?

Both physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the brain is primarily associated with fear and anger, according to the content?

Limbic System (Amygdala) Signup and view all the answers

In Cognitive Appraisal Theories, what role does cognitive appraisal play in emotional experience?

It assesses and identifies the type of emotion experienced after physiological arousal. Signup and view all the answers

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System differ in their response to emotions?

Sympathetic is more active during mild unpleasant emotions, and parasympathetic is more active during mild pleasant emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex concerning emotions?

It is more involved in positive emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor distinguishes the Cannon-Bard and James-Lange theories of emotion?

The temporal order of physiological reaction and emotional experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the autonomic nervous system's response to emergencies?

Sympathetic division mobilizes the body for immediate action. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains the primary focus of Clark Hull’s Drive Theory?

Internal drives arise in response to biological needs and maintain homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What does expectancy in Expectancy Theory primarily refer to?

The perceived connection between effort and performance. Signup and view all the answers

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what must occur before higher-level needs become active?

Lower needs must be satisfied. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about motives is least accurate?

All motives are directly related to biological survival. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of achievement motivation according to Henry Murray?

It varies in strength among different people and influences performance evaluation. Signup and view all the answers

How does Self-Determination Theory view the role of choice in motivation?

Choice is a critical element in deciding actions and motivation. Signup and view all the answers

Which concept describes external stimuli or rewards that motivate behavior, separate from biological needs?

Incentives Signup and view all the answers

What role does reinforcement play according to the discussed theories of motivation?

It enhances the understanding of both internal and external motivations. Signup and view all the answers

What does a high need for achievement (n Ach) indicate about an individual's task selection?

They tend to select tasks of intermediate difficulty. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes mastery orientation in achievement motivation?

Emphasis on personal improvement and skill development. Signup and view all the answers

What are mastery avoidance goals primarily concerned with?

Preventing the development of inadequate knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of emotions, what distinguishes affect from emotions?

Affect refers to observable behaviors associated with emotions. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does performance approach goals prioritize?

Outperforming others in academic performance. Signup and view all the answers

How is emotional arousal best defined in the context of emotions?

Physiological changes paired with cognitive processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement most accurately describes motivational conflict?

It refers to a situation where multiple goals oppose each other. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of emotions compared to feelings?

Emotions are complex patterns that include behavioral expressions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of longitudinal design in studying development?

It involves repeated observation of the same individuals over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of normative investigations?

They outline characteristics observed in specific age groups or stages. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of cross-sectional design when studying human development?

It can confuse age-related changes with societal variations. Signup and view all the answers

How is development often conceptualized over the lifespan?

As gains and losses resembling debits and credits. Signup and view all the answers

Why might a sequential design be beneficial in developmental research?

It incorporates both longitudinal and cross-sectional elements. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the concept of stage theories of development?

Individuals must complete all earlier stages before advancing to the next. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of longitudinal design in studying development?

It can be time-consuming and may not yield immediate results. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of developmental psychology?

To study the changes in physical and psychological functioning over time. Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT considered a primary aspect of temperament?

Cognitive processing styles Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is most commonly associated with secure relationships according to the Strange Situation Test?

Secure Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates the concept of imprinting as described in attachment theory?

A newborn immediately following the first moving object it sees Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of parenting styles primarily influences a child's socialization goals?

Cultural beliefs surrounding child-rearing Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that a child's attachment style predicts their future interpersonal behavior?

Bowlby's Internal Working Model Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, what is primarily evaluated through moral dilemmas?

The intentions behind moral choices Signup and view all the answers

Which type of attachment is characterized by avoidance and a lack of emotional connection?

Insecure-avoidant attachment Signup and view all the answers

What developmental aspect is linked to a lack of consistency in caregiving as noted in attachment studies?

Physical and social deficits Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of assimilation in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

To modify existing knowledge to incorporate new information without altering the original schema. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of cognitive development does a child first demonstrate the understanding of object permanence?

Sensorimotor stage Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of accommodation involve in Piaget’s cognitive development framework?

Restructuring one's existing knowledge to include new information. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cognitive development is indicated by the concept of conservation?

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance. Signup and view all the answers

In Vygotsky's theory, what does the Zone of Proximal Development refer to?

The gap between what a child can do independently and what they can do with assistance. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the formal operations stage in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Development of the ability to think abstractly and engage in hypothetical reasoning. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

Children begin using symbols and language, yet exhibit non-reversible thinking. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of socialization in an individual's development?

To shape behavior patterns to align with societal values and expectations. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive development is highlighted by the 'Violation of Expectation' experiments conducted by Renée Baillargeon?

The premature understanding of object permanence at an earlier age than Piaget proposed. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines Erikson's psychosocial stages?

They represent a series of conflicts or crises across the individual’s lifespan. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary emotional conflict experienced during adolescence?

Identity vs. Role Confusion Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to feelings of inferiority in children?

Difficulty in transitioning between home and peer environments Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical component for a positive outcome during adolescence?

Conscious search for identity Signup and view all the answers

What outcome may result from unresolved conflicts from earlier developmental stages?

Increased role confusion Signup and view all the answers

How is intimacy defined in the context of young adulthood?

Deep personal connections with others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an element that can lead to a positive outcome in childhood?

Being overly dependent on adults Signup and view all the answers

What can hinder an adolescent's ability to establish their identity?

Inability to make deliberate choices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best captures a negative outcome in young adulthood?

Fear of commitment can lead to isolation Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to a long-lasting lack of confidence in children during the locomotor stage?

Parents failing to reinforce the child's efforts Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conflict children face during the locomotor stage of development?

Initiative vs. Guilt Signup and view all the answers

Which element is necessary for a positive outcome in the initiative vs. guilt stage?

Children should be allowed to play adult roles without guilt Signup and view all the answers

What negative outcome may occur if children are not allowed to take initiative?

They may feel guilty about their desires Signup and view all the answers

What outcome is associated with an infant who forms a trusting relationship with their caregiver?

Development of a strong sense of competence Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do children primarily learn the relationship between perseverance and the satisfaction of completing tasks?

Latency Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a negative outcome of a lack of responsiveness from caregivers during infancy?

Development of mistrust in relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an important event that influences child development during the latency stage?

Interaction with peers at school Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conflict faced by toddlers in Erikson's second stage of development?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best captures a significant aspect of the locomotor stage?

Children engage in hero worship as a form of initiative. Signup and view all the answers

How can parental behavior negatively influence a toddler's development of autonomy?

By being overly protective and restricting activities Signup and view all the answers

Which of these behaviors is indicative of a healthy development during the initiative vs. guilt stage?

A child eagerly participating in imaginative play Signup and view all the answers

What impact does achieving a positive outcome in the trust vs. mistrust stage have on future psychosocial development?

It enhances emotional intelligence and relationship-building skills Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a key element that must be present for a positive outcome in the muscular-anal stage?

The child must begin taking responsibility for their self-care Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of toddlers who lack autonomy due to overprotective parenting?

Increased feelings of shame Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to happen to a child who faces excessive doubt during the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage?

They may avoid taking on new challenges later in life Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conflict during the stage of middle adulthood?

Generativity vs. Stagnation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines generativity in the context of adulthood?

Caring for and guiding the next generation Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential negative outcome for individuals who do not resolve their issues during middle adulthood?

Emotional isolation and stagnation Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do individuals primarily reflect on and accept their life's experiences?

Late Adulthood Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for achieving true intimacy in relationships?

Personal commitment and openness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an element leading to a positive outcome in intimacy development?

Retreating into emotional isolation Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what should a person focus on during middle adulthood to achieve satisfaction?

Nurturing children or future generations Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of integrity imply during late adulthood?

Acceptance and organization of one's life experiences Signup and view all the answers

What defines dissociative amnesia?

Forgetting important personal experiences without organic dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes a typical symptom of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations and delusions Signup and view all the answers

How do positive symptoms of schizophrenia differ from negative symptoms?

Positive symptoms are characterized by the presence of unusual thoughts or perceptions Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary feature of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

Multiple distinct personalities coexisting within an individual Signup and view all the answers

In what manner does schizophrenia typically manifest?

Younger men often experiencing sudden breaks Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'dissociative fugue' refer to?

A wandering period that includes memory loss and identity change Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best encapsulates hallucinations?

False perceptual experiences distorting reality Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms associated with schizophrenia would be characterized as 'flat affect'?

Complete and lack of emotional responsiveness Signup and view all the answers

What explains the higher rate of depression in women compared to men?

Increased likelihood of negative experiences such as poverty Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the relationship between rumination and learned helplessness in depression?

Rumination can lead to learned helplessness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

Numerous physical complaints without a medical explanation Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is most at risk for suicide among Canadian youth?

Youth aged 15-24 in northern provinces Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic defines Anxiety Illness Disorder?

Belief in being physically ill despite medical reassurances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

Feelings of anxiety and worry most of the time without specific threats Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by the presence of obsessive thoughts followed by compulsive actions?

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes social phobias from other types of phobias?

Fear of being observed in public situations Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that anxiety disorders may stem from distorted perceptions of danger?

Cognitive Theory Signup and view all the answers

What type of mood disorder is characterized by alternating periods of severe depression and manic episodes?

Bipolar Disorder Signup and view all the answers

In the context of mood disorders, what aspect is primarily associated with the psychodynamic approach?

Unconscious conflicts from childhood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the cognitive triad in relation to mood disorders?

Negative views of self, the world, and future Signup and view all the answers

What common symptom is exhibited in both anxiety and mood disorders?

Impairment of cognitive functioning Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT typically linked to biological causes of mood disorders?

Learned behaviors from childhood Signup and view all the answers

How does Panic Disorder primarily manifest?

Unexpected severe panic attacks Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the continuity hypothesis in understanding mental disorders?

Mental disorders are better understood as a fluctuating spectrum. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason for ensuring objectivity in mental health judgments?

Content and context must be considered without bias. Signup and view all the answers

How might improper labeling as 'abnormal' adversely affect individuals?

It may result in stigmatization and misinterpretation of behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is most likely to be classified as abnormal based on the provided criteria?

An elderly woman kicking others in a public setting. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the 'discontinuity hypothesis' play in the classification of abnormal behavior?

It underscores the importance of strong terms in describing severe cases. Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception about mental disorders could be inferred from the content?

Mental disorders are unique to specific individuals and cultures. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is most aligned with Thomas Szasz's perspective on mental illness?

Psychotherapy is effective in providing insight rather than treating illness. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately represents a potential ethical issue in labeling individuals as 'abnormal'?

Once labeled, individuals may face long-lasting stigma and prejudice. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the diathesis-stress model in the development of psychological disorders?

It requires both vulnerability and environmental stressors to manifest disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant shift in understanding psychological disorders as suggested by Freud's contributions?

Unconscious conflicts play a crucial role in mental health. Signup and view all the answers

In what way did Philippe Pinel influence the classification of psychological disorders?

He classified disorders according to patterns of symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary purposes of psychological diagnosis in the context of classifying disorders?

To create a common language for understanding and treating mental health issues. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the DSM-5 is incorrect?

It was published in 1980. Signup and view all the answers

What do the biological approaches to psychological disorders primarily focus on?

Structural abnormalities and biochemical processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the causes of psychological disorders?

They can arise purely from environmental stressors. Signup and view all the answers

What was a historical consequence of supernatural theories on psychological disorders?

The association of mental illness with moral failure and evil. Signup and view all the answers

What does comorbidity refer to in the context of psychological disorders?

The co-occurrence of multiple psychological disorders. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT specifically identified in the content as a contributor to the etiology of psychological disorders?

Spiritual beliefs and practices. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of therapy in the therapeutic context?

Reaching a diagnosis about impairments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes psychotherapies?

They target changing learned faulty behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

In what context are individuals referred to as clients rather than patients?

When dealing with life and social problems Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration ensures the therapist-client relationship is in the best interest of both parties?

Maintaining therapist-client confidentiality Signup and view all the answers

Which professional is specifically trained to focus on psychiatric disorders and can prescribe medication?

Psychiatrist Signup and view all the answers

Effective therapy is most dependent on which of the following?

The therapeutic alliance between client and therapist Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of biomedical therapies?

They alter mechanisms within the central nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical standard must be upheld to validate the goals of therapy?

Treatment options must be discussed considering alternative approaches. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of psychodynamic therapies?

To establish inner peace and understanding of conflicts Signup and view all the answers

Which psychodynamic technique involves analyzing a person's dreams to uncover motivations?

Dream Analysis Signup and view all the answers

What does resistance in psychodynamic therapy typically indicate?

The client is unwilling to delve into certain issues Signup and view all the answers

In behavior therapies, which of the following is a key technique intended to replace a maladaptive response?

Counterconditioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental focus of behavior therapy?

Observing and modifying overt behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What does catharsis refer to in the context of psychodynamic therapy?

The release of repressed emotions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes transference?

The client's projection of feelings toward the therapist related to past individuals Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the goal of behavior modification?

To systematically change problematic behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of systematic desensitization in counterconditioning?

To reduce anxiety by gradually confronting fear stimuli Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy specifically focuses on transforming irrational beliefs to alter emotional reactions?

Rational-emotive therapy Signup and view all the answers

In contingency management, what best describes positive reinforcement strategies?

Increasing the frequency of favorable responses to replace negative behavior Signup and view all the answers

What does flooding involve in the context of exposure therapy?

Intensive exposure to a phobic situation all at once Signup and view all the answers

What key concept do cognitive therapies primarily target to change client behavior?

Cognitive content and processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of aversion therapy?

Pairing pleasant stimuli with negative outcomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps is NOT part of systematic desensitization?

Intensive confrontation with phobic stimuli Signup and view all the answers

In cognitive therapy according to Beck, what is evaluated to challenge a client’s thought patterns?

Evidence for the accuracy of those thoughts Signup and view all the answers