Questions and Answers
The need for power refers to the desire to control others and influence their behavior.
True
The thematic apperception test primarily assesses an individual's need for affiliation.
False
Theories of emotion suggest that physiological arousal occurs before the identification of emotions.
True
Achievement motivation is solely determined by one's genetic predisposition.
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The need for affiliation entails a strong desire for personal relationships and social connections.
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The Need for Power is primarily concerned with the desire to control others and influence their behavior.
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The Thematic Apperception Test assesses an individual's need for achievement by analyzing their responses to ambiguous pictures.
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According to some theories of emotion, emotions can be classified into two main types: positive and negative.
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The Need for Affiliation involves a strong desire for social connection and approval from others.
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Achievement Motivation is characterized by a desire to avoid failure rather than to seek success.
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Self-actualization is considered the highest level of need in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.
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Safety needs in Maslow's Hierarchy include the need for physiological requirements such as food and water.
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Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in activities for external rewards such as money or prizes.
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Individuals with a strong need for power often seek to hold positions of authority and influence in organizations.
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Thematic Apperception Test is designed to measure a person's need for achievement through storytelling.
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People with a high need for affiliation tend to prefer solitude over social interactions.
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Men and women exhibit an equal need for power, showing similar levels of desire for control and dominance.
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Individuals motivated by a high need for achievement seek tasks that are too easy in order to ensure success.
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The Thematic Apperception Test uses a standardized scoring system to evaluate emotional responses in participants' stories.
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Children raised in a competitive environment are more likely to develop a higher need for achievement compared to those in supportive environments.
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Individuals with low need for power are more likely to display extravagant behavior and seek luxury items.
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An individual who avoids failure by choosing tasks that are either too easy or too hard likely has a low need for achievement.
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The desire to make and maintain friendships is a characteristic of people with a high need for power.
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Study Notes
Motivation
- Motivation directs and energizes behavior across biological, cognitive, and social dimensions.
Approaches to Motivation
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Instinct Approach
- Inborn, biologically determined behaviors essential for survival.
- Instincts channel energy into survival-oriented actions (e.g., sexual reproduction).
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Drive-Reduction Theory
- Basic biological deficits create drives to fulfill needs (e.g., thirst due to dehydration).
- These drives motivate behavior to restore balance.
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Arousal Theory
- Individuals seek to maintain optimal levels of stimulation.
- High-stimulation seekers include gamblers and thrill-seekers.
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Cognitive Motivation
- Motivation influenced by thoughts and expectations.
- Differentiates between intrinsic motivation (engaging for enjoyment) and extrinsic motivation (engaging for rewards).
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Hierarchy Model
- Basic needs at the bottom, higher-level needs at the top; lower needs must be satisfied first.
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Levels of Needs
- Physiological: Essential for survival (food, water).
- Safety: Security and stability in the environment.
- Love and Belongingness: Affection and group membership.
- Esteem: Recognition and appreciation from others.
- Self-Actualization: Realization of personal potential and fulfillment.
Sexual Behavior
- Men are generally more receptive to sex than women; women's receptivity varies with ovulation.
- Males display a stronger sex drive, thinking about sex more frequently than females.
- Sexual stimuli can induce excitement regardless of partner presence.
Sexual Orientation
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Homosexuality and Bisexuality
- Homosexuals: Attracted to the same sex (gay for males, lesbian for females).
- Bisexuals: Attracted to both sexes; sexual orientation can vary along a continuum.
Determinants of Sexual Orientation
- Factors include genetic influences, hormonal exposure (e.g., DES), and brain structure variations.
- Little evidence supports significant impacts from family dynamics or upbringing.
Transgenderism
- Refers to individuals whose gender identity or expression does not align with their birth-assigned sex.
- Includes those seeking sex reassignment and intersex individuals, who may possess both male and female physical traits.
Need for Achievement
- Characterized by satisfaction from striving for and achieving excellence.
- High achievers seek out moderate challenges to prove themselves; low achievers may avoid difficult tasks to escape failure.
Measuring Achievement Motivation
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Involves interpreting ambiguous pictures, allowing for assessment of achievement-related themes in narratives.
Need for Affiliation
- Desire to form and maintain social connections; high affiliation needs lead to increased time spent with friends.
Need for Power
- Refers to the desire for influence and control over others; strong need for power correlates with organizational involvement and displays of prestige.
Social Factors in Eating
- Social influences, cultural norms, and learned behaviors significantly impact eating patterns and food choices.
- Routine influences hunger levels, thereby affecting eating habits regardless of actual physiological cues.
Eating Disorders
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Anorexia Nervosa
- Severe condition characterized by restrictive eating and an often distorted self-image, leading individuals to deny the need for food despite drastic weight loss.
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Description
Explore the concepts of motivation and the various factors that influence behavior according to Chapter 7 of the Motivation and Emotion course. This chapter delves into biological, cognitive, and social aspects, along with instinct approaches that emphasize inborn behaviors essential for survival.
