Chapter+7.pptx

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Chapter 7  Motivation Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms Has biological, cognitive, and social aspects  Approaches to Motivation Instinct – Instincts Inborn patterns of behavior that are BIOLO...

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION Chapter 7  Motivation Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms Has biological, cognitive, and social aspects  Approaches to Motivation Instinct – Instincts Inborn patterns of behavior that are BIOLOGICALLY DETERMINED rather than learned – Instinct approaches to motivation We are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to our survival Instincts provide energy that channels behavior in appropriate directions – Example: sexual behavior may be response to instinct to reproduce Drive-Reduction – Lack of some basic biological requirement produces a drive to meet that requirement Example: lack of water causes a thirst drive – Drive:  Approaches to Motivation Arousal (Continued) – People try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity, increasing or reducing them as necessary Example: some seek out especially high levels – high stakes gamblers; skydiving Cognitive – Motivation is a product of people’s thoughts & expectations (their cognitions) Example: how much you study for a test is based on your expectation of how well studying will pay off in terms of a good grade – Intrinsic motivation (internal) Causes us to participate in an activity for our OWN ENJOYMENT rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us – Extrinsic motivation (external)  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Motivational needs are placed in a hierarchy Suggests that before more sophisticated, higher-order needs can be met, certain primary needs must be satisfied Pyramid model: – Basic needs at the bottom – Higher-level needs at the top – A person must first fulfill more basic needs in the hierarchy before moving up https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-4ithG_ Self-actualization: – State of self-fulfillment in which we realize our highest potential – Feeling at ease with ourselves; satisfied that using talents to the fullest Esteem: understanding that others recognize and value our competence Love & belongingness: need to obtain/give affection; be a contributing member of some group/society Safety needs: need a safe, secure environment in order to function effectively Physiological needs: need water, food, sleep, etc. Match the following: Body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state Intrinsic and Cognitive theorists draw extrinsic a line of distinction between _____________ Arousal approach and ______________ motivation Homeostasis Suggest that each True person attempts to maintain certain levels False of stimulation and activity  Social Factors in Eating External social factors based on societal rules and on what we have learned about appropriate eating behavior – Example: you are stuffed from dinner but your friend says she worked really hard to bake you a cake and you eat an entire serving anyway Eating on a routine schedule makes us feel hungry at the usual times independently of what our internal cues are telling us Roughly same amount of food goes on our plates regardless of amount of exercise/physical activity we’ve had that day Cultural norms – Plays a role in our food preferences and amount of food  Eating Disorders ANOREXIA NERVOSA – Severe eating disorder in which people refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance (skeleton-like) are unusual – Restrictive eating; portion amount?? – Mainly females between 12 and 40 years old – Typically come from stable homes, successful, attractive, and wealthy – Often occurs after serious dieting, which gets out of control BULIMIA – Disorder in which person binges on large quantities of food, followed by purge – Binging + purging – Consuming large quantities of food (binging) – Feel guilt and depression so induce vomiting or take laxatives to rid themselves of the food (purging) – Often weight remains the same  Causes of Eating Disorders Biological causes: – Chemical imbalance in hypothalamus (location of appetite centers) or pituitary gland (maybe by genetic factors) – Brain scans show that disordered people process info about food differently from healthy people Societal causes: – Society’s valuation of slenderness and notion that obesity is undesirable – Eating disorders increase as countries become more developed/Westernized – Overly demanding parents or other family problems Match the following: Severe eating disorder in which Bulimia people may refuse to eat while denying Anorexia nervosa that their behavior False and appearance are unusual. True Disorder in which a person binges and then purges. Social factors do not  Biology of Sex Men – Testes secrete androgens (male sex hormones) at puberty Growth of body hair, deepening of voice, increase of sex drive Level of androgen production fairly constant  men capable of/interested in sex at all times Women – Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone (female sex hormones) at puberty Not produced constantly but in cyclical pattern Most at ovulation (when egg released from  Sex Drives in Men vs. Women Men receptive to sex at all times Women more receptive to sex during ovulation Males have stronger sex drive than women Men think about sex more than women (54% vs. 19%) Humans don’t need presence of a partner to motivate/produce sexual behavior – Any object, sight, smell, sound, or sexual fantasy can lead to sexual excitement  Homosexuality and Bisexuality Homosexuals: persons sexually attracted to members of their own sex – Gay = males; lesbian = females Bisexuals: persons who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex and the opposite sex Sexual orientation may be along a scale or continuum  What determines whether people become homosexual or Genetic heterosexual? Hormonal – Women exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES), used to avoid miscarriage before birth more likely to be homosexual or bisexual Brain structures – Example: hypothalamus Little evidence for child-rearing practices or family dynamics  Transgenderism Broad term for persons whose gender identity, gender expression, or behavior does not conform to that associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth Males may view themselves as female and vice versa May view themselves as neither male or female May seek sex-change operations Intersex person – Has atypical combination of sexual organs or chromosomal/gene patterns – Born with both male and female sexual organs – Very rare  Need for Achievement Stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of excellence People with high need for achievement: – Seek out situations in which they can compete against some standard (grades, money, winning a game) to prove themselves successful – Avoid “too easy” situations; avoid “too hard” situations; choose intermediate difficulty People with low need for achievement: – Tend to be motivated by desire to avoid failure – Seek out “too easy” tasks or “way too hard” tasks because everyone will fail  Measuring Achievement Motivation Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – Examiner shows series of ambiguous pictures – Examiner tells participant to write a story that describes what’s happening, who the people are, what led to the situation, what the people are thinking or wanting, what will happen next – Researchers use standard scoring system to determine the amount of achievement imagery in people’s stories – Example: Someone who writes a story in which the main character, an athlete, beats an opponent = signs of achievement  Need for Affiliation Interest in establishing and maintaining RELATIONSHIPS with other people People with high need for affiliation: – Want to be with their friends more of the time  Need for Power Tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others, and to be seen as a powerful individual People with strong needs for power: – More likely to belong to organizations and seek office – Tend to work in professions in which their power needs may be fulfilled – Seek to display things that show their power such as luxury items or prestigious possessions – Show more extravagant behavior Need for Power – Men vs. Women – Men show it through: Unusually high levels of aggression Drinking heavily Acting in a sexually exploitative manner Participating more frequently in competitive sports – Women show it through: Being socially responsible  Emotions Feelings that generally have both PHYSIOLOGICAL and COGNITIVE elements and that influence behavior Feelings that we can differentiate from other emotions Experience identifiable physical changes in our bodies (Example: VS) Understanding and evaluation of meaning of what is happening prompts our feelings of happiness Organizing Emotions – Hard to identify most important, fundamental emotions – Can divide into positive and negative categories (next picture) – Most agree that basic emotions would include happiness, anger, fear, sadness, and disgust  Theory of Emotions James-Lange Theory of Emotion – Belief that emotional experience is a reaction to BODILY EVENTS occurring as a result of an external situation – For every major emotion there is an accompanying physiological or “gut” reaction of internal organs – Visceral experience We use visceral experience to label emotional experience “I feel sad because I am crying” Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion – Belief that BOTH physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus in brain – After we perceive an emotion-producing stimulus, message is sent to: Autonomic nervous system for visceral response Cerebral cortex about emotion being experienced  Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion Identify emotion we are experiencing by observing our environment and comparing ourselves with others Emotions are determined jointly by nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation/labeling, based on ENVIRONMENTAL CUES  Neuroscience of Emotions Specific emotions produce activation of very different portions of brain – Happiness related to decrease in activity in certain areas of cortex – Sadness related to increase in activity in certain areas of cortex  Why Do People in All Cultures Express Emotion Similarly? Happiness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust and fear are expressed universally across all cultures Facial affect program: – Assumed to be universally present at birth – Activation of a set of nerve impulses that make the face display the appropriate expression – Each primary emotion produces unique set of muscular movements Facial-feedback hypothesis: – Facial expressions not only REFLECT emotional experience but also help DETERMINE how people experience and label emotions – Act of smiling sends message to brain to indicate experience of happiness, even if nothing to smile about (wearing an emotion)