30 Questions
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Perform gas exchange between the body and its environment
What does anoxia refer to?
Complete failure of the tissue to receive adequate oxygen supply
Which type of anoxia is typically caused by a primary disease of the respiratory tract?
Anoxic anoxia
What is hypercapnia?
Retention of carbon dioxide in the body
What compensatory mechanism can be triggered by slow development of anoxia?
Increase in depth and rate of respiratory movement (hyperpnea)
What role do chemoreceptors of the carotid and aortic bodies play in compensatory mechanisms during anoxia?
Regulate respiratory movements
What is the mechanism of action for Cromolyn Sodium?
Inhibiting calcium channels in mast cells
Which drug is considered a mast cell stabilizer?
Nedocromil
How do Methylxanthines like Theophylline work to relieve bronchospasm?
By inhibiting phosphodiesterase
Which disorder is NOT listed as a condition for long-term control with Theophylline?
Allergic rhinitis
What class of drugs are used to prevent asthma attacks?
Mast cell stabilizers
Why is Aminophylline preferred when an I.V. methylxanthine is required?
To prevent inflammatory mediator release
Which type of antitussives are absorbed well through the GI tract, metabolized in the liver, and excreted in urine?
Codeine
What is the objective of antitussive therapy?
To suppress cough without impairing evacuation of broncho-pulmonary secretions
Which type of antitussives are typically used to treat dry, nonproductive coughs?
Dextromethorphan
How do CNS depressant antitussives work?
By depressing the cough center in the medulla oblongata
Which opiates are potent antitussive agents according to the text?
Morphine
What is a common method by which coughing can be suppressed?
By soothing irritated respiratory mucous membrane
How do corticosteroids work in the body?
By inhibiting the production of cytokines, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
What is a common route of administration for corticosteroids in acute asthma attacks?
Intravenous (IV) administration
Which of the following is NOT an example of an inhaled corticosteroid mentioned in the text?
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate
What is the primary function of corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma?
To reduce inflammation and swelling in the respiratory tract
Which form of corticosteroids has a rapid onset of action?
Intravenous (IV) corticosteroids
What is one possible adverse effect of corticosteroids due to their effect on other areas in the body?
Long-term adverse reactions
Which category of drugs directly act on the respiratory lining cells to increase secretory activity?
Expectorants
What is the mode of action of indirectly acting expectorants?
Irritate nerve endings in the stomach mucosa
Which drug category includes medications like Phenylephrine and Oxymetazoline that constrict blood vessels in mucus membranes?
Antihistamines
What is the mode of action of antitussives that are centrally acting?
Depress cough center in the medulla oblongata
Which drug category is used to counteract bronchoconstriction caused by histamine during allergic reactions?
Bronchodilators
What do bronchodilators like Clenbuterol and Salbutamol do?
Counteract bronchoconstriction caused by histamine
Study Notes
Respiratory System
- The function of the respiratory system is not explicitly stated in the text.
Anoxia
- Anoxia refers to a state of oxygen deficiency.
- Intrapulmonary anoxia is typically caused by a primary disease of the respiratory tract.
Hypercapnia
- Hypercapnia is not explicitly defined in the text, but it refers to a state of elevated carbon dioxide in the blood.
Compensatory Mechanisms
- In cases of slow development of anoxia, a compensatory mechanism can be triggered, although the specific mechanism is not stated.
Chemoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies play a role in compensatory mechanisms during anoxia.
Cromolyn Sodium
- Cromolyn Sodium is a drug that prevents the release of inflammatory chemicals from mast cells.
- It is considered a mast cell stabilizer.
Methylxanthines
- Methylxanthines, such as Theophylline, relieve bronchospasm by increasing the concentration of cAMP, which relaxes smooth muscle.
Theophylline
- Theophylline is used for long-term control of conditions such as asthma, but not for ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome).
- Aminophylline is preferred when an IV methylxanthine is required.
Antitussives
- Antitussives are used to relieve coughs.
- The objective of antitussive therapy is to suppress coughing.
- Opiates are potent antitussive agents.
- CNS depressant antitussives work by reducing the sensitivity of the cough center in the brain.
- Expectorants increase secretory activity in the respiratory tract.
- Mucolytics break down mucus.
Corticosteroids
- Corticosteroids work by suppressing the immune response and reducing inflammation.
- They are often administered through inhalation for acute asthma attacks.
- The primary function of corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma is to reduce inflammation.
- Corticosteroids can have a rapid onset of action in their IV form.
- A possible adverse effect of corticosteroids is suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Bronchodilators
- Bronchodilators, such as Clenbuterol and Salbutamol, relax smooth muscle in the airways, relieving bronchoconstriction.
Expectorants
- Expectorants increase secretory activity in the respiratory tract.
- Indirectly acting expectorants work by stimulating the vagus nerve.
Decongestants
- Decongestants, such as Phenylephrine and Oxymetazoline, constrict blood vessels in mucus membranes, reducing swelling.
Test your knowledge on Montelukast and Mast Cell Stabilizers, their indications, and mechanisms of action. Understand the role of these drugs in managing allergic rhinitis and preventing asthma attacks.
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