Biochem 7.1 Monosaccharides: Characteristics and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the simplest form of carbohydrate known as?

  • Monosaccharides (correct)
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
  • Disaccharides

    • Which of the following is a defining characteristic of monosaccharides?

  • Possess a linear structure with no carbonyl group
  • Have a molecular formula of (CH2O)n (correct)
  • Are always larger than three carbon atoms
  • Contain only one hydroxyl group

    • Which of the following monosaccharides is the most abundant in nature?

  • Glucose (correct)
  • Ribose
  • Fructose
  • Galactose

    • Which structural feature differentiates the carbonyl group in monosaccharides?

    <p>Aldehyde or ketone nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do carbohydrates primarily play in biological systems?

    <p>Energy storage and cellular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of alcohol is present in the structure of monosaccharides?

    <p>Both primary and secondary alcohols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Errors in carbohydrate processing can lead to which of the following disorders?

    <p>Ehlers-Danlos syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon atoms does a simple monosaccharide contain at a minimum?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key structural difference between aldoses and ketoses?

    <p>Aldoses contain an aldehyde while ketoses contain a ketone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monosaccharides is classified as a ketopentose?

    <p>Ribulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of monosaccharides, which statement regarding the naming of sugars is accurate?

    <p>Ketoses typically end with the suffix -ulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an aldohexose in the classification of monosaccharides?

    <p>A monosaccharide with six carbons and an aldehyde.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carbohydrates is NOT classified as an aldose?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure represents an aldotriose?

    <p>D-Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes D-sugars from L-sugars?

    <p>The configuration of the chiral carbon farthest from the anomeric carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monosaccharides is categorized as a ketohexose?

    <p>D-Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of stereoisomers among monosaccharides?

    <p>They have the same molecular formula and functional groups but differ in arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbohydrate has the molecular formula C3H6O3?

    <p>D-Glyceraldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about monosaccharides is incorrect?

    <p>Ribose and glucose have the same molecular formula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the classification of monosaccharides, what does the prefix 'tri-' indicate?

    <p>Three carbon atoms in the structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide is an example of an aldopentose?

    <p>D-Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of isomers are D-glucose and D-mannose classified as?

    <p>C2 epimers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbon differs between D-galactose and D-glucose?

    <p>Carbon 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about D-galactose and D-mannose is TRUE?

    <p>They are diastereomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Fischer projection of D-ribose, how are the hydroxyl groups oriented?

    <p>They all point to the right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are D-galactose and D-mannose not classified as epimers?

    <p>They differ at multiple chiral centers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common classification suffix for monosaccharides?

    <p>-ose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following monosaccharides is classified as a hexose?

    <p>Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the empirical formula for a monosaccharide?

    <p>(CH2O)n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following classifications describes a monosaccharide with three carbon atoms?

    <p>Triose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes aldoses from ketoses in monosaccharides?

    <p>Position of the anomeric carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide classification includes ribose and ribulose?

    <p>Pentose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anomeric carbon in ketoses is typically found at which carbon position?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzyme is hexokinase primarily associated with?

    <p>Acting on multiple hexoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a monosaccharide is classified as an L-sugar or a D-sugar?

    <p>The configuration of the chiral carbon with the highest number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the enantiomers of monosaccharides?

    <p>Every chiral center must be flipped to convert D-sugar to L-sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-galactose?

    <p>They differ at some but not all stereocenters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Fischer projection, where is the hydroxyl group located for a D-sugar?

    <p>On the right of the last chiral center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharides are predominantly found in nature as D-isomers?

    <p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do L-glucose and D-glucose compare structurally?

    <p>They differ at every chiral center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about the chiral carbon content of aldohexoses?

    <p>Aldohexoses consist of six carbon atoms and an anomeric carbon at position 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when only the last chiral center of D-glucose is flipped?

    <p>It forms L-idose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification is given to a monosaccharide with five carbons?

    <p>Pentose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide is considered an aldose?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon atoms are found in a hexose?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the anomeric carbon located in a ketose?

    <p>Carbon 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the classification of trioses in monosaccharides?

    <p>They have three carbons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecular formula of monosaccharides?

    <p>They can include carbonyl groups and alcohol functional groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of glucose among monosaccharides in biological systems?

    <p>It serves as a primary energy source for living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional group must at least one carbon in a monosaccharide possess?

    <p>A carbonyl group (C=O)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the alcohol groups arranged in the structure of monosaccharides?

    <p>They can be on primary or secondary carbons within the chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which monosaccharide is characterized by the formula C6H12O6?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are hydrated carbons (1:1 ratio of carbon to water)
    • Have various roles in biology, including energy source, cellular structure, protein folding, and cell recognition.
    • Errors in carbohydrate processing can lead to diseases (e.g., muscular dystrophy, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome)

    Monosaccharides

    • Simplest carbohydrates
    • Uninterrupted carbon chain
    • One carbon is a carbonyl (aldehyde or ketone)
    • Other carbons are alcohols

    Biologically Relevant Monosaccharides

    • Contain at least 3 carbon atoms
    • Have the molecular formula (CH2O)n
    • Exists as a linear chain
    • One carbon is an aldehyde or ketone
    • Other carbons are primary/secondary alcohols

    Classification by Number of Carbon Atoms

    • Triose (3 carbons)
    • Tetrose (4 carbons)
    • Pentose (5 carbons)
    • Hexose (6 carbons)
    • Heptose (7 carbons)
    • Octose (8 carbons)
    • Nonose (9 carbons)
    • Decose (10 carbons)

    Important Monosaccharides

    • Glucose (C6H12O6) - Most abundant in nature
    • Fructose
    • Mannose
    • Galactose
    • Ribose (C5H10O5)
    • Ribulose
    • Xylulose
    • Glyceraldehyde
    • Dihydroxyacetone (C3H6O3)

    Monosaccharide Stereochemistry

    • L-sugars and D-sugars
    • Designated based on the chiral carbon furthest from the anomeric carbon.
    • D-sugars are the predominant form found in nature.
    • Important monosaccharides include D-Ribose, D-ribulose, and D-xylulose

    Classification by Cyclization

    • Linear form can cyclize
    • Cyclized into 5- or 6-membered rings
    • Furanose (5-membered ring)
    • Pyranose (6-membered ring)
    • Cyclization can form α or β anomers
    • Anomeric carbon is the carbon that was the carbonyl group, it becomes chiral

    Monosaccharide Derivatives

    • Phosphosugars (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, Uridine diphosphate glucose):
      • Common modification, adding a phosphate group
      • Multiple phosphates may be attached (e.g., bisphosphate, trisphosphate)
    • Deoxysugars (e.g., deoxyribose, a component of DNA):
      • Hydroxyl group is replaced with hydrogen
    • Amino Sugars (e.g., glucosamine, galactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine (GIcNAc), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), and N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc)):
      • Hydroxyl group is replaced with amino group (sometimes acetylated)
    • Oxidized Sugars (e.g., glucuronic acid):
      • Carbon atom oxidized to a carboxylic acid; the -ose ending is changed to -uronic acid
    • Reduced Sugars (e.g., sugar alcohols):
      • Aldehyde is reduced to a primary alcohol

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on monosaccharides with this quiz. Explore essential concepts, including their structures, types, and roles in biological systems. Perfect for students studying carbohydrate chemistry.

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