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Questions and Answers
Which sugar is classified as a non-reducing sugar?
Which sugar is classified as a non-reducing sugar?
What distinguishes homopolysaccharides from heteropolysaccharides?
What distinguishes homopolysaccharides from heteropolysaccharides?
What is the primary structure of glycogen?
What is the primary structure of glycogen?
What is the unbranched form of starch called?
What is the unbranched form of starch called?
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What type of bond links b-D-glucose in cellulose?
What type of bond links b-D-glucose in cellulose?
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What type of carbohydrate consists of two monosaccharide units?
What type of carbohydrate consists of two monosaccharide units?
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Which of the following is an example of a pentose monosaccharide?
Which of the following is an example of a pentose monosaccharide?
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What is the relationship between aldoses and ketoses in monosaccharides?
What is the relationship between aldoses and ketoses in monosaccharides?
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Which of these is not a classification of carbohydrates?
Which of these is not a classification of carbohydrates?
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What defines polysaccharides?
What defines polysaccharides?
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What functional groups allow carbohydrate molecules to interact with the aqueous environment?
What functional groups allow carbohydrate molecules to interact with the aqueous environment?
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What type of sugars contain at least one asymmetric carbon?
What type of sugars contain at least one asymmetric carbon?
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Which term describes sugar molecules that differ in configuration at only one chiral center?
Which term describes sugar molecules that differ in configuration at only one chiral center?
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Which carbohydrate is classified as a hexose?
Which carbohydrate is classified as a hexose?
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In which way can carbohydrates combine with proteins?
In which way can carbohydrates combine with proteins?
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What are the cyclic forms that aldehydes or ketones can form called?
What are the cyclic forms that aldehydes or ketones can form called?
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Which disaccharide is made up of glucose and fructose?
Which disaccharide is made up of glucose and fructose?
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What is true about reducing sugars?
What is true about reducing sugars?
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Which form of monosaccharides is physiologically important?
Which form of monosaccharides is physiologically important?
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What does the term 'anomeric carbon' refer to in cyclic sugars?
What does the term 'anomeric carbon' refer to in cyclic sugars?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of stereoisomer associated with monosaccharides?
Which of the following is NOT a type of stereoisomer associated with monosaccharides?
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Study Notes
Carbohydrate Chemistry
- Carbohydrates are compounds with the general formula C : H₂O, with a ratio of 1:2:1 for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Common examples of carbohydrates include glycerol, glyceraldehyde, and dihydroxyacetone.
- Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates Classifications
- Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates, which can be polyhydroxyaldehydes (aldoses) or polyhydroxyketones (ketoses).
- Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide units bonded by glycosidic bonds.
- Oligosaccharides contain 3-10 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.
- Polysaccharides are larger carbohydrates composed of hundreds of monosaccharides. Examples include glycogen and starch.
Carbohydrate Structure
- Hydroxyl groups (OH) in carbohydrates allow interaction with aqueous environments.
- Derivatives of carbohydrates can include nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P).
- Carbohydrates can combine with lipids to form glycolipids and proteins to form glycoproteins (glycoconjugates).
Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are classified based on the number of carbon atoms: Trioses (3 carbons), Tetroses (4 carbons), Pentoses (5 carbons), and Hexoses (6 carbons).
- Specific examples of monosaccharides and their classifications based in aldehydes (Aldose) and ketones (Ketose) are provided.
Properties of Monosaccharides
- Physical Properties: They are soluble in water, exhibit optical activity, and have ring or cyclic structures.
- Chemical Properties: Monosaccharides can undergo oxidation, reduction, reactions with sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), and form osazones. They also exhibit optical isomerism.
Monosaccharides (Continued)
- Optical Activity: Monosaccharides rotate polarized light due to the presence of chiral carbons (asymmetric carbon atoms).
- Stereoisomers (Isomers): Different forms of carbohydrates with the same chemical formula but different structures.
- Enantiomers: Non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
- Epimers: Stereoisomers that differ in the configuration around only one carbon atom.
- Anomers: Stereoisomers that differ only at the anomeric carbon (the carbon atom that was part of the aldehyde or ketone).
Monosaccharides (Enantiomers)
- Monosaccharides can exist in D or L forms based on the configuration of the hydroxyl group on the penultimate carbon.
- D-forms are physiologically important.
Monosaccharides (Epimers)
- These are monosaccharides that differ in the configuration around only one carbon.
- Examples are D-glucose and D-mannose, which differ in their stereochemistry at carbon two.
- They have a similar structure but differ in the arrangement of the hydroxyl groups around the carbon atoms.
Monosaccharides (Anomers)
- Cyclic structures of monosaccharides create anomers.
- Anomers arise from the formation of a cyclic ring (furanose or pyranose) from a linear form.
- Result in two forms or anomers: α and β.
Disaccharides
- Two monosaccharides can combine through a glycosidic bond to form disaccharides.
- Examples of disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose, each with a specific monosaccharide composition.
Polysaccharides
- Polysaccharides are large polymers of monosaccharides.
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Homopolysaccharides contain only one kind of monosaccharide. Examples are glycogen and starch.
- Glycogen: A highly branched storage polysaccharide in animals, essential for energy storage.
- Starch: A storage polysaccharide in plants with both branched (amylopectin) and unbranched (amylose) forms.
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Heteropolysaccharides contain various types of monosaccharides. An example is glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) like hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfates, and heparin.
- Proteoglycans are molecules comprised of proteoglycans and core proteins predominantly contained in the extracellular matrix (ECM).
Cellulose
- A structural polysaccharide in plants, with a linear form, and β-D-glucose linked by β (1-4) glycosidic bonds.
- Cellulose is indigestible by humans, increasing stool bulk and promoting intestinal motility.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of carbohydrates in this quiz. Learn about their general structure, classifications, and various types including monosaccharides and polysaccharides. Test your knowledge on their chemical properties and importance in biological systems.
