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Questions and Answers
What type of bond is formed between the OH group on C4 or C6 of a sugar molecule and the OH group on the anomeric-C of another molecule?
What type of bond is formed between the OH group on C4 or C6 of a sugar molecule and the OH group on the anomeric-C of another molecule?
Which term is used for compounds containing glycosidic bonds formed with glucose as the anomeric carbon?
Which term is used for compounds containing glycosidic bonds formed with glucose as the anomeric carbon?
What is the major energy-supplying function of disaccharides?
What is the major energy-supplying function of disaccharides?
Which monosaccharide forms a β-1,4-glycosidic bond with α-glucose in lactose?
Which monosaccharide forms a β-1,4-glycosidic bond with α-glucose in lactose?
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In sucrose, what type of glycosidic bond is present between α-glucose and β-fructose?
In sucrose, what type of glycosidic bond is present between α-glucose and β-fructose?
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What is the orientation of the glycosidic bond joining the two rings in disaccharides?
What is the orientation of the glycosidic bond joining the two rings in disaccharides?
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What is the defining characteristic of nonreducing sugars?
What is the defining characteristic of nonreducing sugars?
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What is the main difference between cellobiose and maltose?
What is the main difference between cellobiose and maltose?
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Which disaccharide is present in malt, corn, or grain mixture used in brewing?
Which disaccharide is present in malt, corn, or grain mixture used in brewing?
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What type of bond joins the two D-glucose residues in maltose?
What type of bond joins the two D-glucose residues in maltose?
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Which sugar is composed of mono- and most disaccharides with a free anomeric-C that can reduce oxidizing agents?
Which sugar is composed of mono- and most disaccharides with a free anomeric-C that can reduce oxidizing agents?
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In glycosides, sugars are linked with a variety of alcohols, amines, & thiols via what kind of linkage?
In glycosides, sugars are linked with a variety of alcohols, amines, & thiols via what kind of linkage?
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What is the simplest aldose mentioned in the text?
What is the simplest aldose mentioned in the text?
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Which type of carbohydrates serve as storage depot for monosaccharides that are used for energy in plants and animals?
Which type of carbohydrates serve as storage depot for monosaccharides that are used for energy in plants and animals?
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How many carbon atoms are present in heptoses?
How many carbon atoms are present in heptoses?
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Which type of carbohydrates are often used by plants & animals to transport monosaccharides from one cell to another?
Which type of carbohydrates are often used by plants & animals to transport monosaccharides from one cell to another?
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Which non-digestible carbohydrate contains glucose polymers in plants?
Which non-digestible carbohydrate contains glucose polymers in plants?
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What is the classification of carbohydrate made up of 3-10 monosaccharides?
What is the classification of carbohydrate made up of 3-10 monosaccharides?
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Study Notes
Glycosidic Bonds and Glycosides
- A glycosidic bond is a linkage between the OH group on anomeric-C of a sugar and an OH group on C4 or C6 of another molecule, which can be an alcohol, amine, or thiol of another sugar or nonsugar.
- Compounds containing glycosidic bonds are called glycosides, and if glucose supplies the anomeric carbon, they are termed glucosides.
Disaccharides
- Disaccharides are formed when the anomeric-C of one sugar unit interacts with one of the OH groups in another sugar unit.
- The glycosidic bond can be α or β in orientation, and specific glycosidic bonds may be designated α 1-4, β 1-4, α 1-6, and so on.
Types of Disaccharides
- Sucrose (fructose-glucose) has an α-1,2-glycosidic bond between α-glucose and β-fructose.
- Lactose (glucose-galactose) has a β-1,4-glycosidic bond between β-galactose and α-glucose.
- Maltose (glucose-glucose) has an α-1,4-glycosidic bond between two D-glucose residues.
- Cellobiose is another glucose dimer with a β-1,4-glycosidic bond, differing from maltose only in the β-linkage.
Reducing and Nonreducing Sugars
- Mono- and most disaccharides with free anomeric-C can reduce oxidizing agents, making them reducing sugars (e.g., glucose, maltose, cellobiose, and lactose).
- Carbohydrates that are not hemiacetals (e.g., sucrose) and are not readily oxidized because both anomeric C-atoms are fixed in a glycosidic linkage are nonreducing sugars.
Nucleosides and Other Glycosides
- Sugars can form glycosidic linkages with other sugars or with a variety of alcohols, amines, and thiols.
- Nucleosides consist of a β-D-ribofuranose or β-D-deoxyribofuranose unit linked with a secondary amino group of purine or pyrimidine.
Monosaccharides
- Monosaccharides are the smallest units of carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler carbohydrate unit.
- They can be classified as trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, or heptoses, depending on the number of carbon atoms (3-7), and as aldoses or ketoses, depending on having an aldehyde or ketone group.
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Description
Test your knowledge on monosaccharides, the smallest units of carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed further, and disaccharides which are condensation products of two monosaccharide units. Learn about aldoses, ketoses, and examples like glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone.
