Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
38 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of sugars replace a hydroxyl group with an amino group?

  • Deoxy Sugars
  • C- Amino Sugars (correct)
  • Disaccharides
  • Monosaccharides

    • What is the general formula for disaccharides?

  • Cn(H2O)n
  • Cn(H2O)n+1
  • Cn(H2O)n+2
  • Cn(H2O)n-1 (correct)

    • What type of bond links the monosaccharides in a disaccharide?

  • Peptide bond
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Ionic bond
  • Glycosidic bond (correct)

    • Which of the following disaccharides is formed by α-glucose + β-fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Maltose?

    <p>Reducing sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of Isomaltose?

    <p>Starch and glycogen digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links the glucose molecules in Maltose?

    <p>α1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Deoxy Sugars?

    <p>Replace a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links the two β-glucose molecules in cellobiose?

    <p>β 1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of lactose?

    <p>Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is sucrose?

    <p>Non-reducing sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of starch in plants?

    <p>Storage form of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the outer layer of starch?

    <p>Amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond between glucose units in amylose?

    <p>α 1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polysaccharide is composed of different types of monosaccharide units?

    <p>Heteropolysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for carbohydrates formed of more than 10 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic linkages?

    <p>Polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycogen in the human body?

    <p>Storage form of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glycosidic bond is found at the branching point in glycogen?

    <p>α 1-6 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of keratan?

    <p>It is a mucopolysaccharide without uronic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in connective tissue?

    <p>They act as a lubricant and cushion for the tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cellulose in the diet of many mammals?

    <p>Acting as a bulk laxative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

    <p>Long unbranched polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a solution of GAGs is compressed?

    <p>The water is squeezed out and the GAGs occupy a smaller volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of glycosidic bond found in cellulose?

    <p>β 1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do GAGs return to their original hydrated volume when compression is released?

    <p>Due to the repulsion of their negative charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the property of GAGs in synovial fluid and vitreous humor?

    <p>It is responsible for the resilience of the fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between glycogen and cellulose?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why many mammals, including humans, cannot digest cellulose?

    <p>Absence of hydrolase enzymes that can attack β-linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissues do GAGs form the structural components of?

    <p>Connective tissue, such as bone and cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the carbohydrate part in a proteoglycan?

    <p>Long unbranched chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a proteoglycan and a glycoprotein?

    <p>Length of carbohydrate chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contains no sulphate group?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Heparin?

    <p>Anticoagulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which GAG is present in the vitreous humor of the eye?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carbohydrate chain is found in a glycoprotein?

    <p>Short branched chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which GAG is present in the sclera of the eye?

    <p>Dermatan Sulphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Heparin typically found in the body?

    <p>Intracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Monosaccharides Derivatives

    • C-Amino Sugars: sugars in which a hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino group
    • D-Deoxy Sugars: sugars in which one hydroxyl group is replaced by a hydrogen atom, e.g. deoxyribose in DNA

    Disaccharides

    • Formed by condensation of 2 monosaccharide molecules bounded by a glycosidic bond
    • General formula: Cn(H2O)n-1
    • Examples:
      • Maltose (2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-4 glycosidic bond)
      • Isomaltose (2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-6 glycosidic bond)
      • Cellobiose (2 β-glucose molecules linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond)
      • Lactose (β-glucose + β-galactose linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond)
      • Sucrose (α-glucose + β-fructose linked by α1-β2 glycosidic bond)

    Maltose

    • Structure: 2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-4 glycosidic bond
    • Source: Malt, produced during digestion of starch by amylase enzyme
    • Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar

    Isomaltose

    • Structure: 2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-6 glycosidic bond
    • Source: produced during digestion of starch and glycogen by amylase enzyme
    • Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar

    Cellobiose

    • Structure: 2 β-glucose molecules linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond
    • Source: obtained by partial hydrolysis of cellulose in plants
    • Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar

    Lactose

    • Structure: β-glucose + β-galactose linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond
    • Source: present in milk (milk sugar)
    • Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar

    Sucrose

    • Structure: α-glucose + β-fructose linked by α1-β2 glycosidic bond
    • Source: cane and beet sugar, pineapple, and carrot
    • Properties: no free carbonyl group, making it a non-reducing sugar

    Polysaccharides

    • Formed by condensation of more than 10 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic linkages
    • Classified into:
      • Homopolysaccharides (e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose)
      • Heteropolysaccharides (e.g. mucopolysaccharides)

    Homopolysaccharides

    • Starch:
      • Function & source: glucose storage form in plants
      • Structure: Inner layer (amylose) and outer layer (amylopectin)
    • Glycogen:
      • Function & source: animal starch, storage form in humans and animals
      • Structure: highly branched chain homopolysaccharide
    • Cellulose:
      • Function & source: major form of structural carbohydrates in plants
      • Structure & properties: linear polymer of β-D-glucopyranose linked by β 1-4 glycosidic linkage, cannot be digested by many mammals, acts as a bulk laxative

    Heteropolysaccharides

    • Examples:
      • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides
      • Proteoglycans: chains of GAGs attached to protein molecules
      • Glycoprotein: protein core with short branched chains of carbohydrate (oligosaccharide chain)

    Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

    • Classified into:
      • Hyaluronic acid
      • Chondroitin Sulphate
      • Dermatan Sulphate
      • Heparin
      • Keratan Sulphate
    • Properties:
      • Hold large quantities of water
      • Lubricant and cushion for connective tissue
      • Act as a lubricant and cushion for bone and cartilage
      • Resilience of synovial fluid and vitreous humor of the eye

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Quiz on monosaccharides and disaccharides, including their derivatives, structures, and examples. Covers C-Amino Sugars, D-Deoxy Sugars, and types of disaccharides like Maltose and Isomaltose.

    More Like This

    Carbohydrate Chemistry: Sorbitol and Its Derivatives
    9 questions

    Carbohydrate Chemistry: Sorbitol and Its Derivatives

    TenaciousLilac avatar
    TenaciousLilac
    Carbohydrate Chemistry Quiz
    30 questions

    Carbohydrate Chemistry Quiz

    CheeryBluebell avatar
    CheeryBluebell
    Biochemistry-2: Carbohydrate Chemistry
    37 questions

    Biochemistry-2: Carbohydrate Chemistry

    PleasedWave avatar
    PleasedWave
    Carbohydrate Chemistry Overview
    10 questions

    Carbohydrate Chemistry Overview

    SalutaryAntigorite9561 avatar
    SalutaryAntigorite9561
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser