Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
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Questions and Answers

What type of sugars replace a hydroxyl group with an amino group?

  • Deoxy Sugars
  • C- Amino Sugars (correct)
  • Disaccharides
  • Monosaccharides

    • What is the general formula for disaccharides?

  • Cn(H2O)n
  • Cn(H2O)n+1
  • Cn(H2O)n+2
  • Cn(H2O)n-1 (correct)

    • What type of bond links the monosaccharides in a disaccharide?

  • Peptide bond
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Ionic bond
  • Glycosidic bond (correct)

    • Which of the following disaccharides is formed by α-glucose + β-fructose?

    <p>Sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Maltose?

    <p>Reducing sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of Isomaltose?

    <p>Starch and glycogen digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links the glucose molecules in Maltose?

    <p>α1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Deoxy Sugars?

    <p>Replace a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond links the two β-glucose molecules in cellobiose?

    <p>β 1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of lactose?

    <p>Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sugar is sucrose?

    <p>Non-reducing sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of starch in plants?

    <p>Storage form of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the outer layer of starch?

    <p>Amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of bond between glucose units in amylose?

    <p>α 1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of polysaccharide is composed of different types of monosaccharide units?

    <p>Heteropolysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for carbohydrates formed of more than 10 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic linkages?

    <p>Polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycogen in the human body?

    <p>Storage form of carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glycosidic bond is found at the branching point in glycogen?

    <p>α 1-6 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of keratan?

    <p>It is a mucopolysaccharide without uronic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of plant cell walls?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in connective tissue?

    <p>They act as a lubricant and cushion for the tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cellulose in the diet of many mammals?

    <p>Acting as a bulk laxative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

    <p>Long unbranched polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a solution of GAGs is compressed?

    <p>The water is squeezed out and the GAGs occupy a smaller volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of glycosidic bond found in cellulose?

    <p>β 1-4 glycosidic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do GAGs return to their original hydrated volume when compression is released?

    <p>Due to the repulsion of their negative charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the property of GAGs in synovial fluid and vitreous humor?

    <p>It is responsible for the resilience of the fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between glycogen and cellulose?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why many mammals, including humans, cannot digest cellulose?

    <p>Absence of hydrolase enzymes that can attack β-linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissues do GAGs form the structural components of?

    <p>Connective tissue, such as bone and cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the carbohydrate part in a proteoglycan?

    <p>Long unbranched chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a proteoglycan and a glycoprotein?

    <p>Length of carbohydrate chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contains no sulphate group?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Heparin?

    <p>Anticoagulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which GAG is present in the vitreous humor of the eye?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carbohydrate chain is found in a glycoprotein?

    <p>Short branched chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which GAG is present in the sclera of the eye?

    <p>Dermatan Sulphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is Heparin typically found in the body?

    <p>Intracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Monosaccharides Derivatives

    • C-Amino Sugars: sugars in which a hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino group
    • D-Deoxy Sugars: sugars in which one hydroxyl group is replaced by a hydrogen atom, e.g. deoxyribose in DNA

    Disaccharides

    • Formed by condensation of 2 monosaccharide molecules bounded by a glycosidic bond
    • General formula: Cn(H2O)n-1
    • Examples:
      • Maltose (2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-4 glycosidic bond)
      • Isomaltose (2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-6 glycosidic bond)
      • Cellobiose (2 β-glucose molecules linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond)
      • Lactose (β-glucose + β-galactose linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond)
      • Sucrose (α-glucose + β-fructose linked by α1-β2 glycosidic bond)

    Maltose

    • Structure: 2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-4 glycosidic bond
    • Source: Malt, produced during digestion of starch by amylase enzyme
    • Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar

    Isomaltose

    • Structure: 2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-6 glycosidic bond
    • Source: produced during digestion of starch and glycogen by amylase enzyme
    • Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar

    Cellobiose

    • Structure: 2 β-glucose molecules linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond
    • Source: obtained by partial hydrolysis of cellulose in plants
    • Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar

    Lactose

    • Structure: β-glucose + β-galactose linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond
    • Source: present in milk (milk sugar)
    • Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar

    Sucrose

    • Structure: α-glucose + β-fructose linked by α1-β2 glycosidic bond
    • Source: cane and beet sugar, pineapple, and carrot
    • Properties: no free carbonyl group, making it a non-reducing sugar

    Polysaccharides

    • Formed by condensation of more than 10 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic linkages
    • Classified into:
      • Homopolysaccharides (e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose)
      • Heteropolysaccharides (e.g. mucopolysaccharides)

    Homopolysaccharides

    • Starch:
      • Function & source: glucose storage form in plants
      • Structure: Inner layer (amylose) and outer layer (amylopectin)
    • Glycogen:
      • Function & source: animal starch, storage form in humans and animals
      • Structure: highly branched chain homopolysaccharide
    • Cellulose:
      • Function & source: major form of structural carbohydrates in plants
      • Structure & properties: linear polymer of β-D-glucopyranose linked by β 1-4 glycosidic linkage, cannot be digested by many mammals, acts as a bulk laxative

    Heteropolysaccharides

    • Examples:
      • Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides
      • Proteoglycans: chains of GAGs attached to protein molecules
      • Glycoprotein: protein core with short branched chains of carbohydrate (oligosaccharide chain)

    Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

    • Classified into:
      • Hyaluronic acid
      • Chondroitin Sulphate
      • Dermatan Sulphate
      • Heparin
      • Keratan Sulphate
    • Properties:
      • Hold large quantities of water
      • Lubricant and cushion for connective tissue
      • Act as a lubricant and cushion for bone and cartilage
      • Resilience of synovial fluid and vitreous humor of the eye

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    Description

    Quiz on monosaccharides and disaccharides, including their derivatives, structures, and examples. Covers C-Amino Sugars, D-Deoxy Sugars, and types of disaccharides like Maltose and Isomaltose.

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