38 Questions
What type of sugars replace a hydroxyl group with an amino group?
C- Amino Sugars
What is the general formula for disaccharides?
Cn(H2O)n-1
What type of bond links the monosaccharides in a disaccharide?
Glycosidic bond
Which of the following disaccharides is formed by α-glucose + β-fructose?
Sucrose
What is a characteristic of Maltose?
Reducing sugar
What is the source of Isomaltose?
Starch and glycogen digestion
What type of bond links the glucose molecules in Maltose?
α1-4 glycosidic bond
What is the characteristic of Deoxy Sugars?
Replace a hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom
What type of bond links the two β-glucose molecules in cellobiose?
β 1-4 glycosidic bond
What is the source of lactose?
Milk
What type of sugar is sucrose?
Non-reducing sugar
What is the function of starch in plants?
Storage form of energy
What is the name of the outer layer of starch?
Amylopectin
What is the type of bond between glucose units in amylose?
α 1-4 glycosidic bond
What type of polysaccharide is composed of different types of monosaccharide units?
Heteropolysaccharide
What is the term for carbohydrates formed of more than 10 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic linkages?
Polysaccharide
What is the function of glycogen in the human body?
Storage form of carbohydrates
What type of glycosidic bond is found at the branching point in glycogen?
α 1-6 glycosidic bond
What is the characteristic of keratan?
It is a mucopolysaccharide without uronic acid.
What is the main component of plant cell walls?
Cellulose
What is the function of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in connective tissue?
They act as a lubricant and cushion for the tissue.
What is the purpose of cellulose in the diet of many mammals?
Acting as a bulk laxative
What is the characteristic of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
Long unbranched polysaccharides
What happens when a solution of GAGs is compressed?
The water is squeezed out and the GAGs occupy a smaller volume.
What is the type of glycosidic bond found in cellulose?
β 1-4 glycosidic bond
Why do GAGs return to their original hydrated volume when compression is released?
Due to the repulsion of their negative charges.
What is the importance of the property of GAGs in synovial fluid and vitreous humor?
It is responsible for the resilience of the fluid.
What is the main difference between glycogen and cellulose?
All of the above
What is the reason why many mammals, including humans, cannot digest cellulose?
Absence of hydrolase enzymes that can attack β-linkage
What type of tissues do GAGs form the structural components of?
Connective tissue, such as bone and cartilage.
What is the characteristic of the carbohydrate part in a proteoglycan?
Long unbranched chains
What is the main difference between a proteoglycan and a glycoprotein?
Length of carbohydrate chains
Which of the following Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contains no sulphate group?
Hyaluronic acid
What is the main function of Heparin?
Anticoagulant
Which GAG is present in the vitreous humor of the eye?
Hyaluronic acid
What type of carbohydrate chain is found in a glycoprotein?
Short branched chains
Which GAG is present in the sclera of the eye?
Dermatan Sulphate
Where is Heparin typically found in the body?
Intracellularly
Study Notes
Monosaccharides Derivatives
- C-Amino Sugars: sugars in which a hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino group
- D-Deoxy Sugars: sugars in which one hydroxyl group is replaced by a hydrogen atom, e.g. deoxyribose in DNA
Disaccharides
- Formed by condensation of 2 monosaccharide molecules bounded by a glycosidic bond
- General formula: Cn(H2O)n-1
- Examples:
- Maltose (2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-4 glycosidic bond)
- Isomaltose (2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-6 glycosidic bond)
- Cellobiose (2 β-glucose molecules linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond)
- Lactose (β-glucose + β-galactose linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond)
- Sucrose (α-glucose + β-fructose linked by α1-β2 glycosidic bond)
Maltose
- Structure: 2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-4 glycosidic bond
- Source: Malt, produced during digestion of starch by amylase enzyme
- Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar
Isomaltose
- Structure: 2 α-glucose molecules linked by α1-6 glycosidic bond
- Source: produced during digestion of starch and glycogen by amylase enzyme
- Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar
Cellobiose
- Structure: 2 β-glucose molecules linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond
- Source: obtained by partial hydrolysis of cellulose in plants
- Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar
Lactose
- Structure: β-glucose + β-galactose linked by β1-4 glycosidic bond
- Source: present in milk (milk sugar)
- Properties: contains free carbonyl (aldehyde) group, making it a reducing sugar
Sucrose
- Structure: α-glucose + β-fructose linked by α1-β2 glycosidic bond
- Source: cane and beet sugar, pineapple, and carrot
- Properties: no free carbonyl group, making it a non-reducing sugar
Polysaccharides
- Formed by condensation of more than 10 monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic linkages
- Classified into:
- Homopolysaccharides (e.g. starch, glycogen, cellulose)
- Heteropolysaccharides (e.g. mucopolysaccharides)
Homopolysaccharides
- Starch:
- Function & source: glucose storage form in plants
- Structure: Inner layer (amylose) and outer layer (amylopectin)
- Glycogen:
- Function & source: animal starch, storage form in humans and animals
- Structure: highly branched chain homopolysaccharide
- Cellulose:
- Function & source: major form of structural carbohydrates in plants
- Structure & properties: linear polymer of β-D-glucopyranose linked by β 1-4 glycosidic linkage, cannot be digested by many mammals, acts as a bulk laxative
Heteropolysaccharides
- Examples:
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) or mucopolysaccharides
- Proteoglycans: chains of GAGs attached to protein molecules
- Glycoprotein: protein core with short branched chains of carbohydrate (oligosaccharide chain)
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
- Classified into:
- Hyaluronic acid
- Chondroitin Sulphate
- Dermatan Sulphate
- Heparin
- Keratan Sulphate
- Properties:
- Hold large quantities of water
- Lubricant and cushion for connective tissue
- Act as a lubricant and cushion for bone and cartilage
- Resilience of synovial fluid and vitreous humor of the eye
Quiz on monosaccharides and disaccharides, including their derivatives, structures, and examples. Covers C-Amino Sugars, D-Deoxy Sugars, and types of disaccharides like Maltose and Isomaltose.
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