Reproductive emergencies

Duration of this phase is usually 6 to 11 days

Duration of this phase is usually 5 to 9 days

The duration of this phase averages 56 to 58 days in the pregnant female and 60 to 100 days in the nonpregnant female

This phase is approximately 4 to 5 months in duration

During this phase vaginal bleeding begins. In addition, males are attracted to the female, but she is not receptive to breeding.

In this stage hormonal activity is dominated by estrogen that is being produced by developing ovarian follicles

Peak plasma estrogen levels are achieved __________ before the end of proestrus and the beginning of estrus.

Anatomic changes during this phase include enlargement or swelling of the vulva, growth of the mammary glands, thickening of the oviducts and endometrium, increased glandular activity in the endometrium, elongation of the uterine horns, increased myometrial sensitivity, enlargement of the cervix, and edema and elongation of the vagina along with a thickening of the vaginal walls

During this phase the vaginal bleeding stops and the female shows signs of behavioral estrus allowing breeding.

Hormonal activity during this stage changes from estrogen to progesterone. Follicular cells begin producing progesterone.

Ovulation occurs within 24 to 72 hours of the beginning of this phase. The uterus increases in size and thickness and may be palpable during abdominal examination. The appearance of the vulva is more flaccid.

This phase begins when the female no longer allows breeding

During this phase hormonal activity is still progesterone dominant with concentrations reaching 15 to 90 ng/ml

Pregnant females have lower levels of progesterone than nonpregnant females

In this phase the uterus continues to respond to progesterone production by maintaining glandular secretions and vascularity required for pregnancy regardless of mating. The vulva returns to normal size.

Transition from diestrus to anestrus is not easily detectable

In the pregnant female, anestrus begins with whelping and ends when proestrus begins.

Typically, the female begins proestrus about every

Anestrus is the quiet phase in which the uterus undergoes repair, progesterone levels remain high during anestrus

At this stage of parturition is usually noticed when the female becomes restless, possibly pacing and nesting (building a bed in which to whelp) (Noakes et al, 2009 ). In a normal pet, signs at this stage may include behavioral changes such as nesting behaviors, seeking seclusion, panting, anorexia, vomiting, and sometimes shivering. Although not usually visible, uterine contractions begin in this stage.

During stage 1 of parturition , although not usually visible, uterine contractions begin in this stage. This stage lasts from _________

This stage consists of visible uterine contractions, cervical dilation, rupture of the chorioallantoic fluid, and expulsion of the fetus

The actual onset of parturition occurs when plasma progesterone levels decrease to more than 2 ng/ml

There may be green mucoid vaginal discharge before, during, and even after parturition.

A puppy should be whelped every

Name of the fetal membrane

Stage 3 is interspersed with stage 2

The placenta should be seen _______ after each fetus.

Passage of the placenta may occur after each fetus or after two or three fetuses

Most accurate canine progesterone test

Cats tend to experience dystocia more than dogs

Before the administration of oxytocin or the performance of a C-section, the female should have her blood glucose and calcium levels tested.

Oxytocin will help with

Because it is usually impossible to differentiate between primary and secondary uterine inertia, oxytocin is typically given in both cases to see if it is efficacious.

A C-section should be performed if it has been longer than 12 hours after the rectal temperature drop

Mask induction may be chosen because it will have the least effect on the neonates

It has been suggested that the optimal time to remove the puppies/ki ens would be about ________ after the induction with propofol since this would allow them to metabolize most of the propofol back to the female.

Neonates metabolize thiopental quickly, so it is an ideal choice

Help to increase blood pressure, cardiac output, and uterine blood flow in the female

Definitely not recommended for C-section

In terms of pregnant females, etomidate is fast acting with a short duration of action and still provides good cardiovascular support

If the female has any preexisting cardiac dysfunction, etomidate would likely be the drug of choice.

In terms of parturition, to help with pressure, the patient may need to be slightly tilted away from the surgeon

Both oxymorphone and hydromorphone can be used for pain and both allow for minimal transmission into the milk.

Doxapram should always be administered

Puppies are not to be fed unless their temperature is __° F or higher.

Although it is extremely rare, uterine prolapse usually occurs during or within _____of parturition when the cervix is open.

Uterine prolapse is more common in cats than in dogs

Perform a cystocentesis if a pyometra is suspected

Works by blocking the progesterone receptors and thus impedes the adhesion of bacteria on the surface of the endometrium.

Laparoscopic surgery has been successfully performed in some mild pyometra cases but overall is not commonly used and its success rate is unknown

Pregnant bitch presents to clinic with pain, collapse and abdominal distention, owner states the pet had been jumping and running (it is late in the pregnancy). On radiograph you see a large fluid- or air-filled tubular structure in the abdomen what do you suspect

Eclampsia mainly affects small breed dogs and usually occurs 2 to 3 weeks after delivery.

Hypocalcemia is defined as total calcium levels less than

The cause of most abscesses is due to benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).

Benign prostatic hypertrophy is the most common prostate disorder in intact male dogs

Acute bacterial prostatitis is uncommon in dogs with benign prostatic hypertrophy

Intact male presents with a fever, lethargy, hunched posture, scrotal edema, and purulent penile discharge What do you expect

Most common testicular tumor

Penile trauma is rarely seen in cats

Urethral prolapses are generally seen in older, dolichocephalic breeds