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Questions and Answers
Pasteur conducted a study on Fowl cholera in ______.
Pasteur conducted a study on Fowl cholera in ______.
1880
Pasteur created the first laboratory-produced ______ for fowl cholera.
Pasteur created the first laboratory-produced ______ for fowl cholera.
vaccine
Bacteriology is the study of ______.
Bacteriology is the study of ______.
bacteria
Coccidioides immitis is responsible for an increase in fungal infections known as ______.
Coccidioides immitis is responsible for an increase in fungal infections known as ______.
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Immunology is the study of the ______ system.
Immunology is the study of the ______ system.
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The first virus to be crystallized was the ______ mosaic virus.
The first virus to be crystallized was the ______ mosaic virus.
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The discovery of ______ in 1960 marked an important development in understanding natural defenses.
The discovery of ______ in 1960 marked an important development in understanding natural defenses.
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AIDS poses the biggest challenge to immunology due to its ability to destroy the ______ system.
AIDS poses the biggest challenge to immunology due to its ability to destroy the ______ system.
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Oswald Avery, Colin Mcleod, and Maclyn McCarty determined that genes are contained in a molecule of ______.
Oswald Avery, Colin Mcleod, and Maclyn McCarty determined that genes are contained in a molecule of ______.
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George Beadle and Edward Tatum worked on the bread mold known as ______.
George Beadle and Edward Tatum worked on the bread mold known as ______.
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Antibiotics were first discovered in ______.
Antibiotics were first discovered in ______.
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The process of Gene Therapy involves inserting a missing ______ in human cells.
The process of Gene Therapy involves inserting a missing ______ in human cells.
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Recombinant DNA technology is commonly referred to as ______.
Recombinant DNA technology is commonly referred to as ______.
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A genome is the total ______ information of an organism.
A genome is the total ______ information of an organism.
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One of the goals of gene manipulation is to create organisms that synthesize products that humans ______.
One of the goals of gene manipulation is to create organisms that synthesize products that humans ______.
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Lysozyme is an enzyme with weak antibacterial properties that inhibit ______ growth.
Lysozyme is an enzyme with weak antibacterial properties that inhibit ______ growth.
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Study Notes
Modern Age of Microbiology
- This era sees microbiology divided into several study areas, each focusing on different microbes.
Understanding Immunity
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Pasteur's work in 1880 involved studying fowl cholera, a disease of birds due to Pasteurella multocida.
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He started with a highly virulent (disease-causing) strain.
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Each bird inoculated with this strain died.
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However, over time, some birds survived despite being injected.
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When later injected with a fresh strain, these survivors did not get sick.
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Pasteur concluded that the weaker strain had, through prolonged exposure, given the organism immunity to the disease.
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He created the first lab-made vaccine for fowl cholera in chickens.
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Key Terms:
- Virulent: Able to cause disease
- Avirulent: Unable to cause disease
Modern Microbiology
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Bacteriology: Study of bacteria.
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A new bacterium, Thiomargarita namibiensis, was discovered in 1997. It consumes H₂S.
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All life forms are now being reclassified due to current genomic research.
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Bacteria are now classified based on:
- Visual characteristics
- Metabolic characteristics
Mycology
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Focuses on fungi.
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Fungal infections like Valley fever (Coccidioides immitis) are increasing in the western United States.
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Agostino Bassi identified fungi as a cause of silkworm disease.
Parasitology
- Focuses on parasites, including protozoa and parasitic worms.
Immunology
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Dates back to Edward Jenner (1796).
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Vaccine research has increased rapidly due to the ability to modify DNA.
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Smallpox eradication is a major achievement.
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Interferons, crucial proteins in the immune system's natural defenses, were discovered in 1960.
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HIV/AIDS presents a significant challenge with no known cure or vaccine.
Virology
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Dmitri Ivanowski reported that certain organisms cause tobacco mosaic disease.
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Wendell Stanley identified and crystallized the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), the first virus to be crystallized.
Microbial Genetics
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Oswald Avery, Colin McLeod, and Maclyn McCarty linked DNA to genes within bacteria.
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George Beadle and Edward Tatum demonstrated the correlation between genes and the production of specific proteins.
Chemotherapy
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Chemotherapy uses chemical drugs to eliminate rapidly growing cells.
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Sulfa drugs were the first broad-spectrum drugs, prescribed for infections.
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Antibiotics, particularly penicillin (discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming), also fight bacterial infections.
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Lysozyme, an enzyme, was discovered with weak antibacterial properties.
Molecular Biology
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A blend of biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics explaining cellular processes at the molecular level.
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Genome sequencing, or determining an organism's complete DNA sequence, revolutionizes scientific understanding.
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Linus Pauling proposed that genetic sequences can clarify evolutionary connections and reveal microbes.
Recombinant DNA technology/Genetic Engineering
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DNA from different organisms can be combined.
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Geneticists use this technology for various practical applications in microbes, plants, and animals.
Gene Therapy
- Inserting/repairing missing or defective genes in human cells, used to treat genetic diseases.
3 Main Goals of Gene Manipulation
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Modify undesirable traits in living things.
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Improve pest/disease resistance in plants.
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Treat genetic diseases, such as Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID), found in humans.
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To combine beneficial traits from different organisms
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Create organisms that produce products humans need, like vaccines, antibiotics, or hormones.
Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Mutagens
- Reverse transcriptase
- Synthetic nucleic acids
- Restriction enzymes
- Vectors
World Health Infectious Diseases
- Resistant strains of disease-causing organisms (like MRSA, VRE, VRSA, MDR-TB) are on the rise. This poses a significant threat to global health.
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Description
Explore the Modern Age of Microbiology, focusing on key discoveries and concepts, including Pasteur's pioneering work on immunity and the development of vaccines. Learn about bacteriology and the significance of new microbial discoveries such as Thiomargarita namibiensis. This quiz covers essential terminology and the evolution of microbiological studies.
