31 Questions
Which type of immunity is characterized by non-specific protection and does not require prior exposure to a pathogen?
Innate immunity
Which of the following is not a non-specific protective factor of the organism?
Antibodies
What is the process by which phagocytes engulf and digest foreign particles such as bacteria?
Phagocytosis
Which factor enhances the ability of phagocytes to recognize and engulf pathogens?
Opsonization
Which mechanism of killing microorganisms in phagocytes is oxygen-dependent?
Respiratory burst
What is the term for the process by which phagocytes present antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response?
Antigen processing
Which type of immunity is insensitive to antigens and is passed on to the next generation?
Innate immunity
What type of immunity is formed after exposure to microorganisms or other antigens and is not transmitted from generation to generation?
Acquired immunity
Which type of acquired immunity is natural rather than artificial?
Active immunity
What type of immunity is not transmitted from generation to generation and can be either natural or artificial?
Acquired immunity
Which type of immunity is characterized by the complete elimination of pathogens from the body?
Sterile immunity
In which type of immunity does the activity of specific defense factors depend on the type of antigens that enter the body?
Specific immunity
What are the outer barriers of the organism for non-specific defense factors?
Skin and mucous membranes
What is the primary function of non-specialized defense factors in the immune system?
To activate other immune factors
What do specialized defense factors primarily function as in the immune system?
To defend the organism
What is the chemical composition of antibiotics?
Proteins and nucleic acids
What is the mechanism of resistance to antibiotics in microorganisms?
Reduced antibiotic target binding
What is the effect spectrum of broad-spectrum antibiotics?
Effective against a wide range of microorganisms
How are antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria determined by the dilution method?
By analyzing the growth in varying concentrations of antibiotics
What are the sources of antibiotics?
Bacteria, animals, and plants
Which type of immunity is characterized by non-specific protection and does not require prior exposure to a pathogen?
Innate immunity
What is the main purpose of chemical therapeutic drugs in the treatment of infectious diseases?
Acting on etiological pathogens without impacting body tissues
Who is credited as the founder of chemotherapy and proposed the 'magic bullet' idea?
Paul Ehrlich
What is the main principle behind P. Ehrlich's 'magic bullet' idea in chemical therapy?
Killing microbes without impacting body tissues
What is the chemical therapeutic index used for in the evaluation of therapeutic drugs?
To assess the ratio of minimal therapeutic dose killing pathogen to the highest dose which organism can resist
What distinguishes narrow spectrum drugs from broad spectrum drugs based on their activity spectrum?
Narrow spectrum drugs act on a limited number of species, while broad spectrum drugs act on both gram negative and gram positive bacteria species
What is the primary difference between microbocide and microbostatic drugs based on their action type?
Microbocide drugs kill bacteria, while microbostatic drugs inhibit microbial growth
How are antimicrobial drugs classified based on their source?
Based on their method of obtaining (synthetic or natural origin)
Which main groups of chemotherapeutic drugs are obtained by chemical synthesis?
'Synthetic' chemotherapeutic drugs
What determines the activity spectrum of therapeutic drugs?
The groups of microorganisms on which they have effect
What does chemical therapy aim to treat?
Pathogens causing infectious diseases without impact on body tissues
Test your knowledge on the concepts, types, and forms of immunity, including innate and acquired immunity, non-specific protective factors of the organism, and phagocytosis. This quiz covers the features and factors of innate (non-specific) immunity, as well as the determination of phagocytic activity of leukocytes.
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