18 Questions
Which type of toxin is produced by gram-negative bacteria and is composed of lipopolysaccharides?
Endotoxin
What is the first line of defense against pathogens in the immune system?
Physical barriers
Which immune cells play a key role in the inflammation response by releasing histamine?
Mast cells
What is the primary function of the complement system in the immune response?
Recognizing and eliminating pathogens
Which type of immunity involves the activation of immune cells, such as T cells and B cells, in response to specific antigens?
Adaptive immunity
What is the primary function of memory cells in the adaptive immune response?
Providing long-term immunity
What is the primary function of Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)?
To present antigens to T cells and initiate an immune response
What is the role of MHC-2 proteins in the immune system?
To present antigens to CD4+ T cells
What is the primary mechanism of action of cytotoxic T cells?
To recognize and eliminate infected cells using perforin and granzyme
What is the role of interleukins in the immune system?
To coordinate the immune response by communicating between immune cells
What is the primary function of natural killer cells?
To recognize and eliminate infected cells
What was the primary method used by the Chinese to prevent smallpox in the early 1400’s?
Inoculation with a mild form of the virus
What is a primary purpose of Koch's postulates?
To determine the causality of a disease
What is a fomite?
An inanimate object that can carry pathogens
What is the primary mechanism by which pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus avoid host defenses?
By producing capsules that prevent phagocytosis
What is the primary reason why healthcare facilities are susceptible to healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?
Because of the use of invasive medical devices
What is the primary function of IgA protease in pathogens?
To evade the host's immune system by degrading immunoglobulins
What is the primary mechanism of adherence used by pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes?
By producing M protein that binds to host cells
Test your knowledge on how pathogens harm hosts, types of toxins, innate immunity, physical barriers, and signs of inflammation. Learn about the body's defense mechanisms and normal flora's role in immunity.
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