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Study Notes

iPSCs are a type of pluripotent stem cell, derived artificially from non-pluripotent cells (typically adult somatic cells).
This process involves inducing "forced" expression of specific genes.
They were first produced in 2006 from mouse cells and in 2007 from human cells.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT): Involves transferring the nucleus of a somatic cell into an enucleated egg cell.
Cell fusion: Two cells (somatic and egg) are fused using an electric shock.
Treatment with the extract of pluripotent stem cells: Applying extracts from pluripotent stem cells to a somatic cell.
Stable expression of defined factors: Achieving stable expression of key pluripotency-related factors.

Sox2 and Oct4: Activate Nanog and other transcription factors, establishing pluripotency and blocking differentiation.
c-Myc: Opens chromatin, making genes accessible to Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog.
Klf4: Prevents cell death.

Typically involves transfection of certain stem cell-associated genes into non-pluripotent cells (like adult fibroblasts).
Transfection is achieved through viral vectors (like retroviruses).
Isolated through morphological selection, doubling time, or reporter gene and antibiotic selection.
Small numbers of transfected cells resemble pluripotent stem cells after 3-4 weeks.

First generation (2006): Developed by Shinya Yamanaka's team at Kyoto University using Oct-3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 genes, and retroviruses to transfect mouse fibroblasts. Cells isolated by antibiotic selection of Fbx15+ cells.
Second generation (2007): Developed by the same group, using the same four genes (similar to first generation) but using the Nanog gene instead of Fbx15.

One of the four genes (c-Myc) is oncogenic, causing cancer in a percentage of chimeric mice (approximately 20%).
Creating iPSCs without c-Myc is possible, but the process is less efficient.

First created in November 2007 using the same principle as mouse models, with the same four pivotal genes (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) using a retroviral system.

Disease modeling: Studying disease processes in vitro (using disease models).
Drug screening/toxicity testing: Testing potential drug effects/toxicities.
Patient-specific cells: Creating cells specific to a patient for personalized medical treatments.
Regenerative medicine: Repairing damaged tissues and organs.

Sickle Cell Anemia: Correcting the mutation in patient gene cells and potentially used to treat the disease
Parkinson's Disease: Cell replacement therapy to restore dopamine function; transplantation of cells.
Kidney regeneration: Using iPSCs to create kidneys within animals.
Spinal cord/organ regeneration: Regenerating spinal cord and other major body organs
Heart disease: Improving cardiac function in heart failure and attack victims.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Potentially helpful in jumpstarting the repair of eroded cartilage.
Type 1 Diabetes: Converting pancreatic exocrine cells into beta cells to potentially cure type 1 diabetes.

SCNT and cell fusion are effective in producing pluripotent cells, but only applicable to animal models.
iPSC development offers ethical advantages over other stem cell treatments by avoiding transplant rejection and provide a significant area for genetic studies in healthcare development.