Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What types of cells undergo mitosis?

Somatic cells

Why do cells undergo mitosis?

Cells undergo mitosis to replace old cells, repair damaged tissues, and for the growth of an organism.

How many cells are produced through the process of mitosis?

Two cells

How do the daughter cells compare to the parent cell in mitosis?

<p>The daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a parent cell has 50 chromosomes, how many chromosomes should be in each of the daughter cells after mitosis?

<p>50 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

If there are 20 chromosomes in a monkey's body cells, how many chromosomes should be in a monkey's gametes cell?

<p>10 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of cells undergo meiosis?

<p>Sex cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells undergo meiosis?

<p>Cells undergo meiosis to pass genetic information on to offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many cells are produced through the process of meiosis?

<p>Four cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the daughter cells compare to the parent cell in meiosis?

<p>The daughter cells are genetically different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of sex cells?

<p>Sperm and egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a sperm fertilizes an egg, what is created?

<p>A zygote (fertilized egg cell)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a cell is haploid?

<p>A haploid cell has half the diploid number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a cell is diploid?

<p>A diploid cell has the full number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are somatic cells haploid or diploid?

<p>Diploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are sex cells haploid or diploid?

<p>Haploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes genetic variation in meiosis?

<p>The combination of genes from the sperm and the egg cause genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of macromolecule is DNA considered?

<p>Nucleic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What monomer helps to create the polymer DNA?

<p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three components of DNA?

<p>Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogenous base</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA called?

<p>Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond forms between the complimentary base pairs?

<p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is found on the 'backbone' of DNA?

<p>Sugar and phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is found on the 'rungs' of DNA?

<p>Nitrogenous bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the molecular structure of DNA.

<p>DNA is in the shape of a double helix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of replication does DNA undergo? What does that mean?

<p>DNA undergoes semi-conservative replication. This means that half of the DNA is new, and half is old.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central dogma of biology?

<p>The central dogma of biology is DNA to RNA to protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is genetic information stored in eukaryotic cells?

<p>In eukaryotic cells, DNA is stored in the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gene?

<p>A gene is a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe a mistake in genetic information?

<p>A mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during transcription?

<p>During transcription, mRNA is made from DNA. A strand of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does transcription occur?

<p>Transcription occurs in the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

<p>DNA is a double helix; RNA is single stranded. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; the sugar in RNA is ribose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during translation?

<p>Translation is the creation of protein from mRNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ribosomes can only read three letters at a time, what are these three letters?

<p>This typically refers to codons, which are sequences of three nucleotides that correspond to specific amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mitosis

  • Somatic cells undergo mitosis for growth, repair, and replacement of old cells.
  • Mitosis results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells.
  • If a parent cell has 50 chromosomes, each daughter cell will also have 50 chromosomes.

Meiosis

  • Meiosis occurs in sex cells (gametes) and is essential for passing genetic information to offspring.
  • This process produces four genetically different cells.
  • In species like monkeys, body cells have 20 chromosomes, leading to gametes with 10 chromosomes.

Chromosome Types

  • Somatic cells are diploid, meaning they contain the full set of chromosomes.
  • Sex cells are haploid, containing half the number of chromosomes.

Genetic Variation

  • Genetic variation in meiosis arises from the combination of genes from the sperm and egg during fertilization.

DNA Structure

  • DNA is a nucleic acid composed of nucleotides, the monomers forming its polymer structure.
  • The three components of DNA are phosphate, sugar, and nitrogenous bases.
  • The four nitrogenous bases are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

DNA Bonds and Structure

  • Hydrogen bonds form between complementary nitrogenous base pairs.
  • The DNA backbone consists of sugar and phosphate, while the "rungs" consist of nitrogenous bases.
  • DNA has a double helix molecular structure.

DNA Replication

  • DNA undergoes semi-conservative replication, meaning each new strand contains one old and one new DNA strand.

Central Dogma

  • The central dogma of biology states that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Location of Genetic Information

  • In eukaryotic cells, DNA is stored in the nucleus.

Genes and Mutations

  • A gene is a distinct sequence of nucleotides that forms part of a chromosome.
  • A mutation is a mistake in genetic information.

Transcription and Translation

  • Transcription, occurring in the nucleus, involves creating mRNA from a DNA template.
  • Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

Differences Between DNA and RNA

  • DNA has a double helix structure, while RNA is single-stranded.
  • The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose.

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Test your knowledge on mitosis, meiosis, and gene expression through these informative flashcards. Each card presents essential questions and definitions to reinforce your understanding of cell division and its importance in biology.

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