Milk Allergy Research Studies

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Questions and Answers

Which mechanism primarily triggers IgE-mediated cow's milk allergy in children?

Immediate hypersensitivity reaction (correct)

T-cell activation

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

What is a common clinical manifestation of non-IgE mediated cow's milk allergy in infants?

Skin urticaria

Rhinitis and conjunctivitis

Anaphylaxis

Gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting (correct)

What is a preferred management strategy for a child diagnosed with cow's milk allergy?

Gradual desensitization through increased milk exposure

Complete elimination of all dairy products from diet (correct)

Introduction of goat's milk as a substitute

Use of antihistamines for symptom relief

Which diagnostic method is commonly used to identify cow's milk protein allergy in children?

Oral food challenge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factual guideline for the diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy?

A stepwise approach is recommended for introducing cow's milk in the diet. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for conducting an IgE RAST test?

When skin prick testing cannot be performed due to extensive skin lesions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a positive DBPCFC test?

It is considered the definitive test for diagnosing food allergies. Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a true positive result during a food challenge test?

Reappearance of allergy symptoms after reintroducing the allergen. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is responsible for IgE-mediated allergic reactions?

An immediate hypersensitivity reaction triggered by specific IgE antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with non-IgE mediated milk allergies?

Symptoms may appear days after exposure to the allergen. Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial management strategy for children with cow's milk allergy?

Incorporate dairy substitutes into the diet. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the prognosis of cow's milk allergy in children?

Improvement of symptoms before the age of 3. Signup and view all the answers

What clinical marker indicates a non-IgE mediated allergy during diagnosis?

≥15 eosinophils per high power field in a biopsy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with IgE mediated allergic reactions to cow's milk?

Lethargy Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between IgE mediated and non-IgE mediated reactions in terms of onset after cow's milk consumption?

IgE reactions occur within 1-2 hours, while non-IgE reactions occur after 2 hours. Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is likely to be negative in cases of non-IgE mediated allergic reactions?

Skin prick test Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of children are primarily affected by cow's milk allergy?

2.5% Signup and view all the answers

How are regulatory T cells (Treg) involved in the management of cow's milk allergy?

They suppress T-reactive specific antigen cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of family history in the likelihood of developing allergies?

Biparental history leads to the highest percentage of risk for atopy. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a symptom of Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES)?

Severe lethargy and diarrhea after 2-3 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which immune response is primarily responsible for IgE mediated hypersensitivity?

Type 1 hypersensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cow's Milk Allergy Overview

Cow's milk allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction to cow's milk proteins, primarily affecting children.
Most common allergens include whey and casein proteins.
Mechanisms of allergy include IgE-mediated, non-IgE mediated, and mixed responses.
Good prognosis for resolution of allergy by age three.
Symptoms can include other allergic conditions alongside milk allergy.

Epidemiology and Diagnosis

WHO reports cow's milk allergy as a major epidemic in developing countries, affecting 1.9-4.9% of children.
IgE-mediated reactions are responsible for 60% of cases, with anaphylaxis occurring in 10-19% of affected individuals.
Risk of developing allergies increases with a family history of atopy. Biparental histories confer a 50-80% risk, while having no parental history presents only a 5-15% risk.

Diagnostic Methods

Serum IgE levels: Elevated levels (>5 kIU/L in children ≤2 years; >15 kIU/L in children >2 years) indicate a positive predictive value of 53%.
Skin Prick Test (SPT) is often utilized but can be invalid in cases with extensive skin lesions.
Double Blind Placebo Controlled Food Challenge (DBPCFC) is the gold standard for diagnosing food allergies.

Clinical Manifestations

Symptoms can occur within 1-2 hours for IgE-mediated reactions, including urticaria, angioedema, and gastrointestinal distress.
Non-IgE mediated reactions manifest more than 2 hours post-consumption, including conditions like Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) which can cause severe gastrointestinal symptoms.

Management and Treatment

Strict avoidance of cow's milk and dairy products is vital.
Use of hypoallergenic formulas or milk substitutes recommended.
Dietary elimination for 2-4 weeks can be followed by a provocation test to confirm or rule out allergy.

Immunopathogenesis

IgE-mediated allergy triggers a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, with symptoms appearing shortly after exposure.
Non-IgE mediated reactions are Type IV, resulting in delayed responses.

Mechanisms of Tolerance

Tolerance to cow's milk is believed to be regulated by regulatory T cells (Tregs) which suppress the immune response.
Persistent milk allergy may indicate a dysfunction in Treg cells, suggesting the importance of immune regulation in developing tolerance.

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Description

Explore key research findings on milk allergies through various studies. This quiz covers topics such as IgE-mediated reactions and the role of cellular immunity in the pathogenesis of cow's milk allergy. Test your knowledge on the latest advancements in this area of pediatric allergy.