Questions and Answers
What is chemistry?
The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
List three important reasons for studying and understanding chemistry as a cosmetologist.
- Without an understanding of basic chemistry, you would not be able to use professional products effectively and safely. 2. Every product used in the salon and in cosmetology services contains some type of chemicals. 3. With an understanding of chemistry, you will be able to troubleshoot and solve common problems you may encounter with chemical services.
What is organic chemistry?
The study of substances that contain the element carbon.
The term organic means 'natural.'
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Anything that is called organic is healthy and safe.
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What is inorganic chemistry?
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Gasoline, synthetic fabrics, shampoo, and pesticides are all organic substances.
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Water, iron, and air are all organic substances.
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What is matter?
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Explain why most inorganic substances do not burn, yet organic substances will burn.
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What is an element?
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What is an atom?
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What is a molecule?
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There are 118 known elements today and these _____ occur naturally and the rest are produced by synthetic methods from nuclear reactions.
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How are elements identified?
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List the symbol for the following elements: ____ Oxygen; _____ Carbon; _____ Hydrogen; ____ Nitrogen; ____ Sulfur.
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What are atoms?
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Atoms cannot be divided into simpler substances by ordinary _______ means.
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How are molecules made?
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What are elemental molecules?
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What are compound molecules?
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The nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons and the number of protons determines the element.
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What are the three different physical forms of matter?
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What do solids have?
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What do liquids have?
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What do gases have?
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What is an example of a substance that can exist in all three forms of matter?
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What are physical properties?
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What are some examples of physical properties?
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What are chemical properties?
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List at least two examples of chemical properties.
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What is a physical change?
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What are two examples of a physical change?
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What is a chemical change?
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List two examples of a chemical change.
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REDOX stands for - reactions.
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Explain what happens during redox.
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What is an example of an oxidizing agent?
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What is an example of a reducing agent?
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What is an oxidizing agent?
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What is a reducing agent?
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What is a chemical reaction caused when oxidation and reduction take place at the same time?
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Redox reactions are responsible for the chemical changes created by hair colors, hair lighteners, permanent wave solutions, and thioglycolic acid neutralizers.
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What are exothermic reactions?
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All oxidation reactions are exothermic reactions.
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What is combustion?
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What is a pure substance?
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Give an example of a pure substance.
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What is a physical mixture?
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Salt water is an example of a(n):
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Describe three ways a physical mixture is different from a pure substance.
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What is a solution?
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What is a solute?
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What is a solvent?
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What is known as the universal solvent?
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_________ liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form clear solutions.
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________ liquids are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions.
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Determine whether the following combinations of liquids are miscible (M) or immiscible (I): water and alcohol; water and oil; water and salt.
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What is a suspension?
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What is an emulsion?
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What are surfactants?
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Give two examples of a suspension.
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Emulsions separate very slowly.
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A surfactant molecule has two distinct parts. The head is ________, meaning water-loving, and the tail is ___________, meaning oil-loving.
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What does surfactant stand for?
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Solutions and suspensions have the common characteristic of neither having surfactants.
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What do powdered hair lighteners do during shipping and storage?
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What are two examples of a water-in-oil emulsion?
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Give four examples of semisolid physical mixtures that may be used in the salon.
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Isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol are both _______ alcohols.
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What are alkanolamines?
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What is ammonia?
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What is glycerin?
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What are silicones?
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What are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)?
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The use of silicone does not cause blackheads.
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VOCs evaporate very easily.
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What does pH stand for?
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The term pH represents the quantity of _____________.
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What is an ion?
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What is ionization?
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What is an anion?
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What is a cation?
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Only products that contain water can have a pH.
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What does the pH scale measure?
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A neutral solution has a pH of...
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An acidic solution has a pH of....
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An alkaline solution has a pH of....
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What is logarithm?
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A pH of 9 is how many times more alkaline than a pH of 8?
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Skin and hair have an average pH of:
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Explain why pure water alone may be drying to the skin.
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All ________ owe their chemical reactivity to the hydrogen ion. Acids have a pH below ________.
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Give an example of an acid that may be used in the salon.
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Acids _______ and _______ the hair cuticle.
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All _________ owe their chemical reactivity to the hydroxide ion. The terms _______ and _______ are interchangeable. Alkalis have a pH above _____.
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Alkalis ________ and _______ hair, skin, the cuticle on the nail plate, and calloused skin.
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What is another name for sodium hydroxide?
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Name four safety precautions you should take when working with sodium hydroxide.
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Acid and alkalis, when mixed together in equal proportions, create ____.
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Study Notes
Basics of Chemistry
- Chemistry focuses on the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
- Understanding chemistry is crucial for effective and safe usage of professional products in cosmetology.
Types of Chemistry
- Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing substances, not synonymous with "natural."
- Inorganic Chemistry: Study of substances that don’t contain carbon but may include hydrogen.
Matter and Its Properties
- Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass.
- Three states of matter: solids (fixed shape and volume), liquids (definite volume, shape of container), gases (no volume or shape).
Elements and Atoms
- There are 118 known elements; 98 occur naturally.
- Elements are identified by letter symbols; for example, O for Oxygen, C for Carbon.
- Atoms are the smallest chemical components of elements and are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Molecules
- Molecules: Chemical combinations of two or more atoms.
- Elemental Molecules: Molecules containing two or more atoms of the same element.
- Compound Molecules: Combinations of different elements in fixed proportions.
Changes in Matter
- Physical Change: Alteration in form or properties without creating a new substance, e.g., ice melting into water.
- Chemical Change: Transformation in chemical composition, e.g., haircolor oxidation.
Reactions
- Redox Reactions: Simultaneous oxidation and reduction reactions, crucial in chemical services like hair coloring.
- Oxidizing Agents: Substances that release oxygen; an example is hydrogen peroxide.
- Reducing Agents: Substances that add hydrogen or remove oxygen.
Mixtures and Solutions
- Pure Substances: Matter in definite proportions, like distilled water.
- Physical Mixtures: Any combination of matter without fixed proportions, e.g., saltwater.
- Solutions: Stable mixtures of solute and solvent.
- Emulsions: Mixtures of immiscible substances with an emulsifier.
pH and Chemical Properties
- pH measures acidity (below 7) and alkalinity (above 7), neutral being 7.
- Skin and hair typically have a pH of around 5.
- Acids contract hair cuticles, while alkalis soften and swell them.
Safety and Usage Precautions
- Follow manufacturer instructions when using products, especially corrosive substances like sodium hydroxide.
- Avoid skin and eye contact, using safety gear as necessary.
Miscellaneous Concepts
- VOCs: Volatile organic compounds that evaporate easily.
- Surfactants: Molecules that allow oils and water to mix; consist of hydrophilic (water-loving) and lipophilic (oil-loving) parts.
- Isopropyl and Ethyl Alcohols: Examples of volatile substances used in various applications.
These key terms and concepts form the foundational knowledge for understanding chemistry in a cosmetology context and ensure safe practice within the industry.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts of chemistry as outlined in Milady's Chapter 12. It highlights the importance of understanding chemistry in the context of cosmetology, focusing on how chemical properties affect the use of professional products. Test your knowledge on key terms and their implications in the salon environment.