Milady Chapter 12: Basics of Chemistry

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Questions and Answers

What is chemistry?

The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.

List three important reasons for studying and understanding chemistry as a cosmetologist.

  1. Without an understanding of basic chemistry, you would not be able to use professional products effectively and safely. 2. Every product used in the salon and in cosmetology services contains some type of chemicals. 3. With an understanding of chemistry, you will be able to troubleshoot and solve common problems you may encounter with chemical services.

What is organic chemistry?

The study of substances that contain the element carbon.

The term organic means 'natural.'

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anything that is called organic is healthy and safe.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is inorganic chemistry?

<p>The study of substances that do not contain carbon but may contain the element hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gasoline, synthetic fabrics, shampoo, and pesticides are all organic substances.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water, iron, and air are all organic substances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is matter?

<p>Any substance that occupies space and has mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why most inorganic substances do not burn, yet organic substances will burn.

<p>Most inorganic substances do not burn because they do not contain carbon. Organic substances that contain both carbon and hydrogen will burn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an element?

<p>The simplest form of chemical matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an atom?

<p>The basic unit of matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a molecule?

<p>A chemical combination of two or more atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are 118 known elements today and these _____ occur naturally and the rest are produced by synthetic methods from nuclear reactions.

<p>98</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are elements identified?

<p>By letter symbols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the symbol for the following elements: ____ Oxygen; _____ Carbon; _____ Hydrogen; ____ Nitrogen; ____ Sulfur.

<p>O; C; H; N; S</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are atoms?

<p>The smallest chemical component of an element and structures that make up the element, having the same properties of that element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Atoms cannot be divided into simpler substances by ordinary _______ means.

<p>chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are molecules made?

<p>By combining atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are elemental molecules?

<p>Molecules containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are compound molecules?

<p>A chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleus of an atom consists of protons and neutrons and the number of protons determines the element.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three different physical forms of matter?

<p>Solid, liquid, gas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do solids have?

<p>A fixed shape and volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do liquids have?

<p>A definite volume but take the shape of their container.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do gases have?

<p>No volume or shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a substance that can exist in all three forms of matter?

<p>Water; it can exist as liquid, solid (ice), and gas (vapor/steam).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are physical properties?

<p>Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of physical properties?

<p>Color, solubility, odor, density, melting point, boiling points, hardness, and glossiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are chemical properties?

<p>Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List at least two examples of chemical properties.

<p>The ability of iron to rust, the ability of wood to burn, and the ability of hair to change color through the use of hair color and hydrogen peroxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical change?

<p>A change in the form or physical properties of a substance, without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of a physical change?

<p>Solid ice melts into water and application of temporary hair color or nail polish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical change?

<p>A change in the chemical composition or make-up of a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two examples of a chemical change.

<p>The oxidation of hair color and the oxidation of melanin pigments in hair by hydrogen peroxide in lightening processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

REDOX stands for - reactions.

<p>oxidation-reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what happens during redox.

<p>Redox is a chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place at the same time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an oxidizing agent?

<p>Hydrogen peroxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a reducing agent?

<p>When hydrogen peroxide is mixed with an oxidation hair color, oxygen is subtracted from the hydrogen peroxide and the hydrogen peroxide is reduced. At the same time, oxygen is added to the hair color and the hair color is oxidized; in this example, hair color is the reducing agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an oxidizing agent?

<p>A substance that releases oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reducing agent?

<p>A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chemical reaction caused when oxidation and reduction take place at the same time?

<p>Oxidation-reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Redox reactions are responsible for the chemical changes created by hair colors, hair lighteners, permanent wave solutions, and thioglycolic acid neutralizers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are exothermic reactions?

<p>Chemical reactions that release a significant amount of heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All oxidation reactions are exothermic reactions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is combustion?

<p>Rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pure substance?

<p>A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a pure substance.

<p>Aluminum foil, salt, or pure (distilled) water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical mixture?

<p>A physical combination of matter in any proportions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Salt water is an example of a(n):

<p>Physical mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe three ways a physical mixture is different from a pure substance.

<ol> <li>A physical mixture is united physically instead of chemically. 2. It may occur in any proportions rather than in definite or fixed proportions. 3. It has combined chemical and physical properties, rather than unique chemical and physical properties.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solution?

<p>A stable physical mixture of two or more substances in a solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solute?

<p>Substance that is dissolved into a solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a solvent?

<p>The substance that dissolves the solute and makes the solution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is known as the universal solvent?

<p>Water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

_________ liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form clear solutions.

<p>Miscible</p> Signup and view all the answers

________ liquids are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions.

<p>Immiscible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine whether the following combinations of liquids are miscible (M) or immiscible (I): water and alcohol; water and oil; water and salt.

<p>Water and alcohol (M); water and oil (I); water and salt (M).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suspension?

<p>An unstable physical mixture of undissolved particles in a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an emulsion?

<p>An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are surfactants?

<p>Substances that allow oil and water to mix or emulsify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give two examples of a suspension.

<p>Glitter in nail polish that can separate from the polish and lotions and creams that can separate in the bottle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emulsions separate very slowly.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A surfactant molecule has two distinct parts. The head is ________, meaning water-loving, and the tail is ___________, meaning oil-loving.

<p>hydrophilic; lipophilic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does surfactant stand for?

<p>Surface active agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Solutions and suspensions have the common characteristic of neither having surfactants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do powdered hair lighteners do during shipping and storage?

<p>Powdered hair lighteners are physical mixtures that may separate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of a water-in-oil emulsion?

<p>Cold creams, styling creams, and foot balms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give four examples of semisolid physical mixtures that may be used in the salon.

<p>Ointments, pastes, pomades, and styling waxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isopropyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol are both _______ alcohols.

<p>volatile</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are alkanolamines?

<p>Substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ammonia?

<p>Colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycerin?

<p>A sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are silicones?

<p>A special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)?

<p>Compounds that contain carbon and evaporate very easily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of silicone does not cause blackheads.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

VOCs evaporate very easily.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does pH stand for?

<p>Potential hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term pH represents the quantity of _____________.

<p>hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion?

<p>An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ionization?

<p>The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an anion?

<p>An ion with a negative electrical charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a cation?

<p>An ion with a positive electrical charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only products that contain water can have a pH.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pH scale measure?

<p>The acidity and alkalinity of a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A neutral solution has a pH of...

<ol start="7"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

An acidic solution has a pH of....

<p>below 7.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An alkaline solution has a pH of....

<p>above 7.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is logarithm?

<p>Multiples of ten.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pH of 9 is how many times more alkaline than a pH of 8?

<p>10 times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skin and hair have an average pH of:

<ol start="5"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why pure water alone may be drying to the skin.

<p>Water may be drying to the skin because it has a pH of 7 which is 100 times more alkaline than skin at a pH of 5; therefore, the difference in pH is the reason that water is drying to the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All ________ owe their chemical reactivity to the hydrogen ion. Acids have a pH below ________.

<p>acids; 7.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of an acid that may be used in the salon.

<p>Alpha hydroxy acid (AHA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acids _______ and _______ the hair cuticle.

<p>contract; close.</p> Signup and view all the answers

All _________ owe their chemical reactivity to the hydroxide ion. The terms _______ and _______ are interchangeable. Alkalis have a pH above _____.

<p>alkalis; alkali; base; 7.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alkalis ________ and _______ hair, skin, the cuticle on the nail plate, and calloused skin.

<p>soften; swell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for sodium hydroxide?

<p>Lye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name four safety precautions you should take when working with sodium hydroxide.

<ol> <li>Use according to the manufacturer's instructions. 2. Do not let the products touch or sit on the skin. 3. Avoid contact with eyes; wear safety glasses to prevent contact. 4. Consult a product's SDS for specific information on its safe use.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Acid and alkalis, when mixed together in equal proportions, create ____.

<p>water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chemistry

Study of matter's composition, structure, properties, and changes.

Organic Chemistry

Studies carbon-containing substances.

Inorganic Chemistry

Studies substances without carbon, may contain hydrogen.

Matter

Any substance occupying space and having mass.

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Solid

Fixed shape and volume.

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Liquid

Definite volume, shape of container.

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Gas

No fixed volume or shape.

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Atom

Smallest chemical parts of an element.

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Molecule

Two or more atoms chemically combined.

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Elemental Molecule

Molecules with two or more atoms of the same element.

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Compound Molecule

Combinations of different elements in fixed proportions.

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Physical Change

Alteration in form without creating a new substance.

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Chemical Change

Transformation in chemical composition.

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Redox Reaction

Simultaneous oxidation and reduction reactions.

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Oxidizing Agents

Substances that release oxygen.

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Reducing Agents

Substances that add hydrogen or remove oxygen.

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Pure Substance

Matter in definite proportions.

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Physical Mixture

Combination of matter without fixed proportions.

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Solution

Stable mixture of solute and solvent.

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Emulsion

Mixture of immiscible substances with an emulsifier.

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pH

Measures acidity and alkalinity.

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Acidic

Below 7 on the pH scale.

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Alkaline

Above 7 on the pH scale.

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Skin and Hair pH

Around 5.0 on the pH scale.

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Acids (on hair)

Contract hair cuticles.

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Alkalis (on hair)

Soften and swell hair.

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Manufacturer Instructions

Follow these when using products.

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VOCs

Volatile organic compounds that evaporate easily.

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Surfactants

Molecules that allow oil and water to mix.

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Isopropyl and Ethyl Alcohols

Easily evaporated substances used in various applications.

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Study Notes

Basics of Chemistry

  • Chemistry focuses on the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions.
  • Understanding chemistry is crucial for effective and safe usage of professional products in cosmetology.

Types of Chemistry

  • Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing substances, not synonymous with "natural."
  • Inorganic Chemistry: Study of substances that don’t contain carbon but may include hydrogen.

Matter and Its Properties

  • Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass.
  • Three states of matter: solids (fixed shape and volume), liquids (definite volume, shape of container), gases (no volume or shape).

Elements and Atoms

  • There are 118 known elements; 98 occur naturally.
  • Elements are identified by letter symbols; for example, O for Oxygen, C for Carbon.
  • Atoms are the smallest chemical components of elements and are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Molecules

  • Molecules: Chemical combinations of two or more atoms.
  • Elemental Molecules: Molecules containing two or more atoms of the same element.
  • Compound Molecules: Combinations of different elements in fixed proportions.

Changes in Matter

  • Physical Change: Alteration in form or properties without creating a new substance, e.g., ice melting into water.
  • Chemical Change: Transformation in chemical composition, e.g., haircolor oxidation.

Reactions

  • Redox Reactions: Simultaneous oxidation and reduction reactions, crucial in chemical services like hair coloring.
  • Oxidizing Agents: Substances that release oxygen; an example is hydrogen peroxide.
  • Reducing Agents: Substances that add hydrogen or remove oxygen.

Mixtures and Solutions

  • Pure Substances: Matter in definite proportions, like distilled water.
  • Physical Mixtures: Any combination of matter without fixed proportions, e.g., saltwater.
  • Solutions: Stable mixtures of solute and solvent.
  • Emulsions: Mixtures of immiscible substances with an emulsifier.

pH and Chemical Properties

  • pH measures acidity (below 7) and alkalinity (above 7), neutral being 7.
  • Skin and hair typically have a pH of around 5.
  • Acids contract hair cuticles, while alkalis soften and swell them.

Safety and Usage Precautions

  • Follow manufacturer instructions when using products, especially corrosive substances like sodium hydroxide.
  • Avoid skin and eye contact, using safety gear as necessary.

Miscellaneous Concepts

  • VOCs: Volatile organic compounds that evaporate easily.
  • Surfactants: Molecules that allow oils and water to mix; consist of hydrophilic (water-loving) and lipophilic (oil-loving) parts.
  • Isopropyl and Ethyl Alcohols: Examples of volatile substances used in various applications.

These key terms and concepts form the foundational knowledge for understanding chemistry in a cosmetology context and ensure safe practice within the industry.

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