Milady Chapter 12: Basics of Chemistry

Chemistry is a science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.

Without an understanding of basic chemistry, you would not be able to use professional products effectively and safely.

Organic chemistry is the study of substances that contain carbon, while inorganic chemistry studies substances that do not contain carbon but may contain hydrogen.

<p>Matter is any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An element is the simplest form of chemical matter and cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An atom is the basic unit of matter with a nucleus at the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons that move around the nucleus in orbits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elemental molecules contain two or more atoms of the same element (e.g., oxygen). Compound molecules are a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements (e.g., sodium chloride).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solid is rigid with a fixed shape and volume (e.g., ice); liquid has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container (e.g., water); gas has no fixed volume or shape and takes the shape and volume of its container (e.g., propellant in hairspray).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical properties can be determined without a chemical reaction (e.g., color, odor), while chemical properties can only be determined by a chemical reaction (e.g., the ability to rust).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A physical change does not alter the chemical composition (e.g., ice melting into water), while a chemical change alters the chemical composition (e.g., oxidation of hair color).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidation-reduction, or redox, is a chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pure substance is a chemical combination of matter in definite proportions (e.g., aluminum), while a physical mixture is a combination of matter in any proportion (e.g., salt water).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A solution is a stable mixture (e.g., salt in water), a suspension is an unstable mixture (e.g., glitter in nail polish), and an emulsion is an unstable mixture with an emulsifier (e.g., hand lotion).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A pH scale is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers