Basic Chemistry Flashcards - Chapter 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the energy located in the bonds of food molecules?

  • Kinetic energy
  • Chemical energy (correct)
  • Potential energy (correct)
  • Thermal energy

    • What is heat?

    Thermal energy, infrared radiation, kinetic energy, and molecular movement.

    What happens whenever energy is transformed?

    The amount of useful energy decreases and some energy is lost as heat.

    What type of energy is chewing food?

    <p>Mechanical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is vision?

    <p>Electrical and chemical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is bending your fingers to make a fist?

    <p>Mechanical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is breaking the bonds of ATP molecules to energize your muscle cells?

    <p>Chemical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is lying under a sunlamp?

    <p>Radiant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proton?

    <p>A positively charged particle found in the nucleus with a mass of 1 AMU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a neutron?

    <p>A particle in the nucleus with no charge and a mass of 1 AMU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are electrons?

    <p>Negatively charged particles in orbitals with a mass of 1/1800 AMU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for oxygen?

    <p>O.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for carbon?

    <p>C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for potassium?

    <p>K.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for iodine?

    <p>I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for hydrogen?

    <p>H.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for nitrogen?

    <p>N.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for calcium?

    <p>Ca.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for sodium?

    <p>Na.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for phosphorus?

    <p>P.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for magnesium?

    <p>Mg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for chlorine?

    <p>Cl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical symbol for iron?

    <p>Fe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ion?

    <p>An electrically charged atom or group of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is matter?

    <p>Anything that takes up space and has mass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an element?

    <p>A unique substance composed of atoms having the same atomic number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an electron?

    <p>Negatively charged particles forming part of an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are subatomic particles that determine an atom's chemical behavior?

    <p>Electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is energy?

    <p>The ability to do work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a molecule?

    <p>The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are protons?

    <p>Positively charged particles forming part of an atom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the electron shell that contains the most reactive electrons?

    <p>Valence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are subatomic particles responsible for most of an atom's mass?

    <p>Neutrons and protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Na+ and K+ are needed for nerve cells to conduct electrical impulses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atomic number of Oxygen is 8. Therefore, Oxygen atoms always contain 8 neutrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The greater the distance of an electron from the nucleus, the less energy it has.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electrons are located in more or less designated areas of space around the nucleus called orbitals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An unstable atom that decomposes and emits energy is called retroactive.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron is necessary for oxygen transport in red blood cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most abundant negative ion in extracellular fluid is calcium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The element essential for the production of thyroid hormones is magnesium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium is found as a salt in bones and teeth.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the synthesis reaction A + B > AB?

    <p>Synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of reaction AB + CD > AD + CB?

    <p>Exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the decomposition reaction represented by XY > X + Y?

    <p>Decomposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number of a carbon atom?

    <ol start="6"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carbon atom's atomic mass?

    <p>12 AMU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If this atom had one additional neutron, this slightly different atom (of the same element) would be called a(n)...

    <p>Isotope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is this atom chemically active or inert?

    <p>Chemically active.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons would be needed to fill its outer (valence) shell?

    <p>4 more.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Would a carbon atom most likely take part in forming ionic or covalent bonds? Why?

    <p>Covalent. Because it does not form ionic bonds since it has 4 valence electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Briefly explain how H2O2 and 2OH- are different.

    <p>H2O2 is hydrogen peroxide. It has a neutral net charge. 2OH- represents two hydroxide ions each carrying a -1 charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are substances that ionize in water and are good electrolytes?

    <p>Acids, bases, and salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a proton acceptor?

    <p>Bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions and a negative ion other than hydroxide (OH-)?

    <p>Acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ionizes in water to release ions other than H+ and OH-?

    <p>Salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed when an acid and a base are combined?

    <p>Salt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances are such as lemon juice and vinegar?

    <p>Acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents rapid/large swings in pH?

    <p>Buffer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of water to maintain a relatively constant temperature due to its high...?

    <p>Heat capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what must biochemical reactions in the body occur?

    <p>Water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    About __% of the volume of a living cell is water.

    <ol start="70"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Water molecules are bonded to other water molecules because of the presence of ________ bonds.

    <p>Hydrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water, as H+ and OH- ions, is essential in biochemical reactions such as __________ and _________ reactions.

    <p>Hydrolysis and hydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Because of its ________, water is an excellent solvent and forms the basis of mucus and other body __________ __ ______.

    <p>Cushioning or fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are weak acids?

    <p>Ionizes incompletely in water, acts as part of a buffer system, and ionizes at a high pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are strong acids?

    <p>Ionize completely in water, ionize at a low pH, and always act to change the pH when placed in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of carbohydrates called?

    <p>Monosaccharides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of fat called?

    <p>Fatty acids and glycerol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of proteins called?

    <p>Amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of nucleic acids called?

    <p>Nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cellular cytoplasm primarily composed of?

    <p>Proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the single most important fuel source for body cells?

    <p>Carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not soluble in water?

    <p>Lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contains C, H, and O in the ratio CH2O?

    <p>Carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contains C, H, and O, but has relatively small amounts of oxygen?

    <p>Lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What building blocks contain N in addition to C, H, and O?

    <p>Amino acids and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contains P in addition to C, H, O, and N?

    <p>Nucleotides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to insulate the body and is found in all cell membranes?

    <p>Lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of meat and cheese?

    <p>Proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of bread and lollipops?

    <p>Carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary components of egg yolk and peanut oil?

    <p>Lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What includes collagen and hemoglobin?

    <p>Proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What class usually includes cholesterol?

    <p>Lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of the secondary structure of proteins?

    <p>The alpha helix and beta pleated sheet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of fibrous (structural) proteins?

    <p>Collagen and keratin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of globular (functional) proteins?

    <p>Glycogen, hemoglobin, and hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a biologic catalyst?

    <p>Enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the plant storage carbohydrate?

    <p>Starch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the animal storage carbohydrate?

    <p>Glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'stuff' of genes?

    <p>DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a steroid?

    <p>Cholesterol.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are examples of double sugars, or disaccharides?

    <p>Lactose and maltose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phospholipids are polarized molecules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroids are the major form in which body fat is stored.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is the most abundant compound in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonpolar molecules are generally soluble in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The bases of RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The universal energy currency of living cells is RNA.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    RNA is single stranded.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy and Reactions

    • Energy in food molecules is potential energy, which transforms into ATP bonds.
    • Heat encompasses thermal energy, infrared radiation, kinetic energy, and molecular movement.
    • Energy transformation results in decreased useful energy, with some loss as heat during the process.
    • Mechanical energy is involved in actions like chewing food and bending fingers.
    • Muscle cell activation for movement is energized by chemical processes involving ATP.

    Atomic Structure

    • Protons have a positive charge (+1), a mass of 1 AMU, and reside in the atom's nucleus.
    • Neutrons carry no charge (0) and also have a mass of 1 AMU, found in the nucleus.
    • Electrons are negatively charged particles (-), with mass significantly less than protons (1/1800 AMU), located in orbitals.

    Chemical Elements

    • Elements are pure substances with a unique atomic number:
      • Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Potassium (K), Iodine (I), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg), Chlorine (Cl), Iron (Fe).

    Ions and Matter

    • Ions are charged atoms or groups of atoms, essential in biological systems for processes like nerve impulse conduction.
    • Matter is defined as anything occupying space and possessing mass.

    Chemical Bonds and Reactions

    • The smallest unit of an element is a molecule, which retains the element's properties.
    • Electrons are critical in determining an atom's chemical behavior and bonding ability.
    • Valence electrons are responsible for the reactivity of elements, with s- and p-orbitals indicating location.

    Types of Compounds and Reactions

    • Acids, bases, and salts ionize in water, acting as electrolytes; acids release H+, while bases accept protons (H+).
    • Buffers help maintain consistent pH levels in biological systems.
    • Hydrolysis and hydration reactions involve water, essential for biochemical reactions.

    Water Properties

    • Water accounts for approximately 70% of cell volume, bonded by hydrogen bonds.
    • High heat capacity of water allows for temperature regulation, crucial for sustaining biological processes.

    Biomolecules

    • Building blocks of macromolecules:
      • Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides.
      • Proteins: Amino acids.
      • Nucleic acids: Nucleotides.
      • Lipids: Fatty acids and glycerol.
    • Carbohydrates provide the primary energy source, while proteins serve as critical structural and functional molecules.

    Protein Structure

    • Proteins display diverse structures, with fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, keratin) serving structural roles, while globular proteins (e.g., hemoglobin, enzymes) are functional.
    • Secondary structures of proteins include alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.

    Storage and Energy

    • Starch functions as the plant storage carbohydrate, while glycogen serves this role in animals.
    • Neural fats are the primary form of stored body fat, not steroids.

    Nucleic Acids

    • DNA is the carrier of genetic information, with RNA being single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis.
    • RNA bases include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, contrasting the DNA bases.

    Miscellaneous Facts

    • Nonpolar molecules are generally insoluble in water.
    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of living cells, critical for cellular processes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of basic chemistry concepts with flashcards from Chapter 2. This quiz covers essential terms and definitions related to energy in chemical bonds, heat, and energy transformation. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of chemistry fundamentals.

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