Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the energy located in the bonds of food molecules?
What is the energy located in the bonds of food molecules?
- Kinetic energy
- Chemical energy (correct)
- Potential energy (correct)
- Thermal energy
What is heat?
What is heat?
Thermal energy, infrared radiation, kinetic energy, and molecular movement.
What happens whenever energy is transformed?
What happens whenever energy is transformed?
The amount of useful energy decreases and some energy is lost as heat.
What type of energy is chewing food?
What type of energy is chewing food?
What type of energy is vision?
What type of energy is vision?
What type of energy is bending your fingers to make a fist?
What type of energy is bending your fingers to make a fist?
What type of energy is breaking the bonds of ATP molecules to energize your muscle cells?
What type of energy is breaking the bonds of ATP molecules to energize your muscle cells?
What type of energy is lying under a sunlamp?
What type of energy is lying under a sunlamp?
What is a proton?
What is a proton?
What is a neutron?
What is a neutron?
What are electrons?
What are electrons?
What is the chemical symbol for oxygen?
What is the chemical symbol for oxygen?
What is the chemical symbol for carbon?
What is the chemical symbol for carbon?
What is the chemical symbol for potassium?
What is the chemical symbol for potassium?
What is the chemical symbol for iodine?
What is the chemical symbol for iodine?
What is the chemical symbol for hydrogen?
What is the chemical symbol for hydrogen?
What is the chemical symbol for nitrogen?
What is the chemical symbol for nitrogen?
What is the chemical symbol for calcium?
What is the chemical symbol for calcium?
What is the chemical symbol for sodium?
What is the chemical symbol for sodium?
What is the chemical symbol for phosphorus?
What is the chemical symbol for phosphorus?
What is the chemical symbol for magnesium?
What is the chemical symbol for magnesium?
What is the chemical symbol for chlorine?
What is the chemical symbol for chlorine?
What is the chemical symbol for iron?
What is the chemical symbol for iron?
What is an ion?
What is an ion?
What is matter?
What is matter?
What is an element?
What is an element?
What is an electron?
What is an electron?
What are subatomic particles that determine an atom's chemical behavior?
What are subatomic particles that determine an atom's chemical behavior?
What is energy?
What is energy?
What is a molecule?
What is a molecule?
What are protons?
What are protons?
What is the name given to the electron shell that contains the most reactive electrons?
What is the name given to the electron shell that contains the most reactive electrons?
What are subatomic particles responsible for most of an atom's mass?
What are subatomic particles responsible for most of an atom's mass?
Na+ and K+ are needed for nerve cells to conduct electrical impulses.
Na+ and K+ are needed for nerve cells to conduct electrical impulses.
The atomic number of Oxygen is 8. Therefore, Oxygen atoms always contain 8 neutrons.
The atomic number of Oxygen is 8. Therefore, Oxygen atoms always contain 8 neutrons.
The greater the distance of an electron from the nucleus, the less energy it has.
The greater the distance of an electron from the nucleus, the less energy it has.
Electrons are located in more or less designated areas of space around the nucleus called orbitals.
Electrons are located in more or less designated areas of space around the nucleus called orbitals.
An unstable atom that decomposes and emits energy is called retroactive.
An unstable atom that decomposes and emits energy is called retroactive.
Iron is necessary for oxygen transport in red blood cells.
Iron is necessary for oxygen transport in red blood cells.
The most abundant negative ion in extracellular fluid is calcium.
The most abundant negative ion in extracellular fluid is calcium.
The element essential for the production of thyroid hormones is magnesium.
The element essential for the production of thyroid hormones is magnesium.
Calcium is found as a salt in bones and teeth.
Calcium is found as a salt in bones and teeth.
What is the product of the synthesis reaction A + B > AB?
What is the product of the synthesis reaction A + B > AB?
What is the type of reaction AB + CD > AD + CB?
What is the type of reaction AB + CD > AD + CB?
What is the decomposition reaction represented by XY > X + Y?
What is the decomposition reaction represented by XY > X + Y?
What is the atomic number of a carbon atom?
What is the atomic number of a carbon atom?
What is a carbon atom's atomic mass?
What is a carbon atom's atomic mass?
If this atom had one additional neutron, this slightly different atom (of the same element) would be called a(n)...
If this atom had one additional neutron, this slightly different atom (of the same element) would be called a(n)...
Is this atom chemically active or inert?
Is this atom chemically active or inert?
How many electrons would be needed to fill its outer (valence) shell?
How many electrons would be needed to fill its outer (valence) shell?
Would a carbon atom most likely take part in forming ionic or covalent bonds? Why?
Would a carbon atom most likely take part in forming ionic or covalent bonds? Why?
Briefly explain how H2O2 and 2OH- are different.
Briefly explain how H2O2 and 2OH- are different.
What are substances that ionize in water and are good electrolytes?
What are substances that ionize in water and are good electrolytes?
What is a proton acceptor?
What is a proton acceptor?
What ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions and a negative ion other than hydroxide (OH-)?
What ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions and a negative ion other than hydroxide (OH-)?
What ionizes in water to release ions other than H+ and OH-?
What ionizes in water to release ions other than H+ and OH-?
What is formed when an acid and a base are combined?
What is formed when an acid and a base are combined?
What substances are such as lemon juice and vinegar?
What substances are such as lemon juice and vinegar?
What prevents rapid/large swings in pH?
What prevents rapid/large swings in pH?
What is the ability of water to maintain a relatively constant temperature due to its high...?
What is the ability of water to maintain a relatively constant temperature due to its high...?
In what must biochemical reactions in the body occur?
In what must biochemical reactions in the body occur?
About __% of the volume of a living cell is water.
About __% of the volume of a living cell is water.
Water molecules are bonded to other water molecules because of the presence of ________ bonds.
Water molecules are bonded to other water molecules because of the presence of ________ bonds.
Water, as H+ and OH- ions, is essential in biochemical reactions such as __________ and _________ reactions.
Water, as H+ and OH- ions, is essential in biochemical reactions such as __________ and _________ reactions.
Because of its ________, water is an excellent solvent and forms the basis of mucus and other body __________ __ ______.
Because of its ________, water is an excellent solvent and forms the basis of mucus and other body __________ __ ______.
What are weak acids?
What are weak acids?
What are strong acids?
What are strong acids?
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates called?
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates called?
What are the building blocks of fat called?
What are the building blocks of fat called?
What are the building blocks of proteins called?
What are the building blocks of proteins called?
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids called?
What are the building blocks of nucleic acids called?
What is cellular cytoplasm primarily composed of?
What is cellular cytoplasm primarily composed of?
What is the single most important fuel source for body cells?
What is the single most important fuel source for body cells?
What is not soluble in water?
What is not soluble in water?
What contains C, H, and O in the ratio CH2O?
What contains C, H, and O in the ratio CH2O?
What contains C, H, and O, but has relatively small amounts of oxygen?
What contains C, H, and O, but has relatively small amounts of oxygen?
What building blocks contain N in addition to C, H, and O?
What building blocks contain N in addition to C, H, and O?
What contains P in addition to C, H, O, and N?
What contains P in addition to C, H, O, and N?
What is used to insulate the body and is found in all cell membranes?
What is used to insulate the body and is found in all cell membranes?
What are the primary components of meat and cheese?
What are the primary components of meat and cheese?
What are the primary components of bread and lollipops?
What are the primary components of bread and lollipops?
What are the primary components of egg yolk and peanut oil?
What are the primary components of egg yolk and peanut oil?
What includes collagen and hemoglobin?
What includes collagen and hemoglobin?
What class usually includes cholesterol?
What class usually includes cholesterol?
What are examples of the secondary structure of proteins?
What are examples of the secondary structure of proteins?
What are examples of fibrous (structural) proteins?
What are examples of fibrous (structural) proteins?
What are examples of globular (functional) proteins?
What are examples of globular (functional) proteins?
What is a biologic catalyst?
What is a biologic catalyst?
What is the plant storage carbohydrate?
What is the plant storage carbohydrate?
What is the animal storage carbohydrate?
What is the animal storage carbohydrate?
What is the 'stuff' of genes?
What is the 'stuff' of genes?
What is a steroid?
What is a steroid?
What are examples of double sugars, or disaccharides?
What are examples of double sugars, or disaccharides?
Phospholipids are polarized molecules.
Phospholipids are polarized molecules.
Steroids are the major form in which body fat is stored.
Steroids are the major form in which body fat is stored.
Water is the most abundant compound in the body.
Water is the most abundant compound in the body.
Nonpolar molecules are generally soluble in water.
Nonpolar molecules are generally soluble in water.
The bases of RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
The bases of RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
The universal energy currency of living cells is RNA.
The universal energy currency of living cells is RNA.
RNA is single stranded.
RNA is single stranded.
Study Notes
Energy and Reactions
- Energy in food molecules is potential energy, which transforms into ATP bonds.
- Heat encompasses thermal energy, infrared radiation, kinetic energy, and molecular movement.
- Energy transformation results in decreased useful energy, with some loss as heat during the process.
- Mechanical energy is involved in actions like chewing food and bending fingers.
- Muscle cell activation for movement is energized by chemical processes involving ATP.
Atomic Structure
- Protons have a positive charge (+1), a mass of 1 AMU, and reside in the atom's nucleus.
- Neutrons carry no charge (0) and also have a mass of 1 AMU, found in the nucleus.
- Electrons are negatively charged particles (-), with mass significantly less than protons (1/1800 AMU), located in orbitals.
Chemical Elements
- Elements are pure substances with a unique atomic number:
- Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Potassium (K), Iodine (I), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Calcium (Ca), Sodium (Na), Phosphorus (P), Magnesium (Mg), Chlorine (Cl), Iron (Fe).
Ions and Matter
- Ions are charged atoms or groups of atoms, essential in biological systems for processes like nerve impulse conduction.
- Matter is defined as anything occupying space and possessing mass.
Chemical Bonds and Reactions
- The smallest unit of an element is a molecule, which retains the element's properties.
- Electrons are critical in determining an atom's chemical behavior and bonding ability.
- Valence electrons are responsible for the reactivity of elements, with s- and p-orbitals indicating location.
Types of Compounds and Reactions
- Acids, bases, and salts ionize in water, acting as electrolytes; acids release H+, while bases accept protons (H+).
- Buffers help maintain consistent pH levels in biological systems.
- Hydrolysis and hydration reactions involve water, essential for biochemical reactions.
Water Properties
- Water accounts for approximately 70% of cell volume, bonded by hydrogen bonds.
- High heat capacity of water allows for temperature regulation, crucial for sustaining biological processes.
Biomolecules
- Building blocks of macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides.
- Proteins: Amino acids.
- Nucleic acids: Nucleotides.
- Lipids: Fatty acids and glycerol.
- Carbohydrates provide the primary energy source, while proteins serve as critical structural and functional molecules.
Protein Structure
- Proteins display diverse structures, with fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, keratin) serving structural roles, while globular proteins (e.g., hemoglobin, enzymes) are functional.
- Secondary structures of proteins include alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets.
Storage and Energy
- Starch functions as the plant storage carbohydrate, while glycogen serves this role in animals.
- Neural fats are the primary form of stored body fat, not steroids.
Nucleic Acids
- DNA is the carrier of genetic information, with RNA being single-stranded and involved in protein synthesis.
- RNA bases include adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil, contrasting the DNA bases.
Miscellaneous Facts
- Nonpolar molecules are generally insoluble in water.
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of living cells, critical for cellular processes.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of basic chemistry concepts with flashcards from Chapter 2. This quiz covers essential terms and definitions related to energy in chemical bonds, heat, and energy transformation. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of chemistry fundamentals.
