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Questions and Answers
What type of microscope uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects?
What type of microscope uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects?
Light microscope
Which type of microscope uses two lenses to magnify an object?
Which type of microscope uses two lenses to magnify an object?
What is the term used to describe the use of specific stains to distinguish different types of cells?
What is the term used to describe the use of specific stains to distinguish different types of cells?
Differential staining
What is the term for a second stain used in microscopy to contrast with the primary stain?
What is the term for a second stain used in microscopy to contrast with the primary stain?
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What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen, resulting in images with higher resolution than light microscopes?
What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen, resulting in images with higher resolution than light microscopes?
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What term refers to the features of a cell that can be seen using an electron microscope?
What term refers to the features of a cell that can be seen using an electron microscope?
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What are objects or structures seen through a microscope that are created during the processing of the specimen called?
What are objects or structures seen through a microscope that are created during the processing of the specimen called?
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What type of electron microscope transmits a beam of electrons through a specimen to create an image?
What type of electron microscope transmits a beam of electrons through a specimen to create an image?
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What type of electron microscope scans a beam of electrons across the surface of a specimen, producing a three-dimensional image?
What type of electron microscope scans a beam of electrons across the surface of a specimen, producing a three-dimensional image?
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What type of microscope uses fluorescence and a pinhole aperture to produce high-resolution images?
What type of microscope uses fluorescence and a pinhole aperture to produce high-resolution images?
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Prokaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Prokaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
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Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
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What term refers to how many times larger the image is compared to the actual size of the object?
What term refers to how many times larger the image is compared to the actual size of the object?
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What is the ability to see individual objects as separate entities called?
What is the ability to see individual objects as separate entities called?
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What is the internal fluid of cells composed of?
What is the internal fluid of cells composed of?
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What term describes all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism?
What term describes all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism?
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What are membrane-bound compartments with varying functions inside eukaryotic cells called?
What are membrane-bound compartments with varying functions inside eukaryotic cells called?
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What is the part of the cell containing DNA and RNA that is responsible for growth and reproduction?
What is the part of the cell containing DNA and RNA that is responsible for growth and reproduction?
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What are the proteins that form a complex with DNA called chromatin?
What are the proteins that form a complex with DNA called chromatin?
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What is uncondensed DNA in a complex with histones called?
What is uncondensed DNA in a complex with histones called?
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What are structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin called that become visible under the light microscope when cells are preparing to divide?
What are structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin called that become visible under the light microscope when cells are preparing to divide?
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What organelles are found in large numbers in most cells and are the site of respiration and energy production?
What organelles are found in large numbers in most cells and are the site of respiration and energy production?
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What are the highly folded structures within the mitochondria's inner membrane called?
What are the highly folded structures within the mitochondria's inner membrane called?
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What is the fluid interior in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called?
What is the fluid interior in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called?
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What type of DNA is present within the matrix of the mitochondria?
What type of DNA is present within the matrix of the mitochondria?
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What are small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell called?
What are small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell called?
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What are specialized vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for the breakdown of waste materials within a cell called?
What are specialized vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for the breakdown of waste materials within a cell called?
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What is the network of fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell called?
What is the network of fibers in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell called?
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What are contractile protein actin fibers responsible for cell movement and cell contraction when the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells called?
What are contractile protein actin fibers responsible for cell movement and cell contraction when the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells called?
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What are tubes that form a scaffold-like structure to determine the shape of the cell, act as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles around the cell, and make up spindle fibers called?
What are tubes that form a scaffold-like structure to determine the shape of the cell, act as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles around the cell, and make up spindle fibers called?
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What are fibers that give mechanical strength to cells and maintain their integrity called?
What are fibers that give mechanical strength to cells and maintain their integrity called?
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What is the component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells composed of microtubules called?
What is the component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells composed of microtubules called?
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What is the process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion called?
What is the process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion called?
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What is the network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae called?
What is the network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae called?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes bound to its surface and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes bound to its surface and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage?
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What are constructed of RNA molecules and are the site of protein synthesis?
What are constructed of RNA molecules and are the site of protein synthesis?
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What organelle in most eukaryotic cells is formed from an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs, or cisternae, and plays a role in modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles?
What organelle in most eukaryotic cells is formed from an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs, or cisternae, and plays a role in modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles?
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What is the membrane forming a vacuole in a plant cell called?
What is the membrane forming a vacuole in a plant cell called?
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What is the strong but flexible layer that surrounds some cell types called?
What is the strong but flexible layer that surrounds some cell types called?
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What are membranous sacs used to transport materials in the cell called?
What are membranous sacs used to transport materials in the cell called?
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What organelles are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells, contain chlorophyll pigments, and are the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
What organelles are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells, contain chlorophyll pigments, and are the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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What is the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane, involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water, called?
What is the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane, involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water, called?
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What is a structure inside chloroplasts composed of a stack of several thylakoids, contains chlorophyll pigments, and where light reactions occur during photosynthesis called?
What is a structure inside chloroplasts composed of a stack of several thylakoids, contains chlorophyll pigments, and where light reactions occur during photosynthesis called?
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What is the widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells called?
What is the widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells called?
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What is a molecule composed of one kind of atom called that cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions?
What is a molecule composed of one kind of atom called that cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions?
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What is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms called where the number of electrons is different from the number of protons?
What is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms called where the number of electrons is different from the number of protons?
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What are long-chain molecules composed of bonded multiple individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern called?
What are long-chain molecules composed of bonded multiple individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern called?
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What are individual molecules that make up a polymer called?
What are individual molecules that make up a polymer called?
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What type of bond is the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms called?
What type of bond is the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms called?
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What type of bond is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions called?
What type of bond is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions called?
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What is a molecule with an overall dipole called, having taken into account any dipoles across bonds and the shape of the molecule?
What is a molecule with an overall dipole called, having taken into account any dipoles across bonds and the shape of the molecule?
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What process, powered by adhesion, causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube, such as the stem of a plant, called?
What process, powered by adhesion, causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube, such as the stem of a plant, called?
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What are organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio Cx(H2O)y called?
What are organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio Cx(H2O)y called?
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What is a single sugar molecule called?
What is a single sugar molecule called?
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What is a polymer made up of many sugar monomers called?
What is a polymer made up of many sugar monomers called?
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What is a monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6, one of the main products of photosynthesis in plants, called?
What is a monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6, one of the main products of photosynthesis in plants, called?
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What is a monosaccharide composed of six carbons called?
What is a monosaccharide composed of six carbons called?
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What is a covalent bond between two monosaccharides called?
What is a covalent bond between two monosaccharides called?
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What is a reaction between two molecules resulting in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule called?
What is a reaction between two molecules resulting in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule called?
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What is two glucose molecules linked by a 1-4 glycosidic bond called?
What is two glucose molecules linked by a 1-4 glycosidic bond called?
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What is a molecule comprising two monosaccharides, joined together by a glycosidic bond, called?
What is a molecule comprising two monosaccharides, joined together by a glycosidic bond, called?
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What is a disaccharide made up of a fructose and glucose monosaccharide called?
What is a disaccharide made up of a fructose and glucose monosaccharide called?
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What is the pentose monosaccharide present in RNA molecules called?
What is the pentose monosaccharide present in RNA molecules called?
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What is a polysaccharide formed from alpha glucose molecules either joined to form amylose or amylopectin called?
What is a polysaccharide formed from alpha glucose molecules either joined to form amylose or amylopectin called?
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What is a sheet-like secondary structure of proteins called?
What is a sheet-like secondary structure of proteins called?
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What is a branched polysaccharide formed from alpha glucose molecules that serves as a chemical energy store in animal cells called?
What is a branched polysaccharide formed from alpha glucose molecules that serves as a chemical energy store in animal cells called?
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What is the breakdown of a molecule into two smaller molecules requiring the addition of a water molecule called?
What is the breakdown of a molecule into two smaller molecules requiring the addition of a water molecule called?
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What is a polysaccharide formed from beta glucose molecules where alternate beta glucose molecules are turned upside down, unable to coil or branch, but makes hydrogen bonds with other cellulose molecules to produce strong and insoluble fibres called?
What is a polysaccharide formed from beta glucose molecules where alternate beta glucose molecules are turned upside down, unable to coil or branch, but makes hydrogen bonds with other cellulose molecules to produce strong and insoluble fibres called?
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What are saccharides that donate electrons resulting in the reduction (gain of electrons) of another molecule called?
What are saccharides that donate electrons resulting in the reduction (gain of electrons) of another molecule called?
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What is an alkaline solution of copper(II) sulphate used in the chemical tests for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars called?
What is an alkaline solution of copper(II) sulphate used in the chemical tests for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars called?
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What is a chemical test for the presence of starch using a potassium iodide solution called?
What is a chemical test for the presence of starch using a potassium iodide solution called?
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What is the use of a spectrophotometer to determine the absorption of various wavelengths of visible light by a given solution called?
What is the use of a spectrophotometer to determine the absorption of various wavelengths of visible light by a given solution called?
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What are non-polar macromolecules containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, commonly known as fats and oils, called?
What are non-polar macromolecules containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, commonly known as fats and oils, called?
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What are large, complex molecules with a large molecular weight called?
What are large, complex molecules with a large molecular weight called?
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What is a lipid composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids called?
What is a lipid composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids called?
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What is further folding of the secondary structure of proteins involving interactions between R-groups called?
What is further folding of the secondary structure of proteins involving interactions between R-groups called?
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What is the alcohol found in triglycerides called?
What is the alcohol found in triglycerides called?
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What are long-chain carboxylic acids used in the formation of triglycerides called?
What are long-chain carboxylic acids used in the formation of triglycerides called?
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What term describes something containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, without carbon-carbon double or triple bonds?
What term describes something containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, without carbon-carbon double or triple bonds?
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What term describes something having carbon-carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms?
What term describes something having carbon-carbon double or triple bonds and therefore not containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms?
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What are modified triglycerides where one fatty acid has been replaced with a phosphate group called?
What are modified triglycerides where one fatty acid has been replaced with a phosphate group called?
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What is the physical property of a molecule that is repelled by water called?
What is the physical property of a molecule that is repelled by water called?
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What is the physical property of a molecule that is attracted to water called?
What is the physical property of a molecule that is attracted to water called?
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What are compounds that lower the surface tension of water called?
What are compounds that lower the surface tension of water called?
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What type of lipid is characterized by carbons arranged in rings, with cholesterol being the most well-known?
What type of lipid is characterized by carbons arranged in rings, with cholesterol being the most well-known?
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What is a type of lipid that is a precursor to hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids, and an important component of cell membranes?
What is a type of lipid that is a precursor to hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids, and an important component of cell membranes?
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What laboratory test for lipids uses ethanol, where a white emulsion indicates the presence of a lipid, called?
What laboratory test for lipids uses ethanol, where a white emulsion indicates the presence of a lipid, called?
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What are chains of two or more amino acid molecules called?
What are chains of two or more amino acid molecules called?
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What are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group, that are the building blocks of proteins, called?
What are organic molecules that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group, that are the building blocks of proteins, called?
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What are one or more polypeptides arranged as a complex macromolecule called?
What are one or more polypeptides arranged as a complex macromolecule called?
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What is the variable side chain of an amino acid called, which gives each amino acid its unique properties?
What is the variable side chain of an amino acid called, which gives each amino acid its unique properties?
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What is a bond formed between two amino acids called?
What is a bond formed between two amino acids called?
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What are chains of three or more amino acids called?
What are chains of three or more amino acids called?
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What is a non-protein component of a conjugated protein called?
What is a non-protein component of a conjugated protein called?
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What is a complex, iron-containing molecule found in red blood cells that is essential for oxygen transport called?
What is a complex, iron-containing molecule found in red blood cells that is essential for oxygen transport called?
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What are proteins that are roughly spherical in shape, often soluble in water, and involved in diverse biological processes, including catalysis, transport, and regulation, called?
What are proteins that are roughly spherical in shape, often soluble in water, and involved in diverse biological processes, including catalysis, transport, and regulation, called?
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What is a polypeptide hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells called?
What is a polypeptide hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells called?
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Study Notes
Microscopy Techniques
- Light microscope: Uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects.
- Compound light microscope: Uses two lenses (objective and eyepiece) for magnification.
- Differential staining: Uses specific stains to identify different cell types.
- Counterstain: A contrasting stain used to enhance visualization.
- Electron microscopy: Uses a beam of electrons for higher resolution images than light microscopes.
- Ultrastructure: Cellular features visible with an electron microscope.
- Artefacts: Structures appearing in a specimen due to processing, not naturally present.
- Transmission electron microscope (TEM): Electrons pass through the specimen to create an image.
- Scanning electron microscope (SEM): Electrons scan the specimen surface to create a 3D image.
- Laser scanning confocal microscope: Uses fluorescence and a pinhole to produce high-resolution images.
Cell Structure and Function
- Prokaryotic cell: Cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cell: Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Magnification: The increase in apparent size of an object.
- Resolution: The ability to distinguish two separate points as distinct.
- Cytoplasm: The internal fluid of a cell containing cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton.
- Metabolism: All chemical reactions in an organism.
- Organelles: Membrane-bound compartments with specific functions in eukaryotic cells.
- Nucleus: Contains DNA and RNA, controlling cell growth and reproduction.
- Histones: Proteins that package DNA into chromatin.
- Chromatin: Uncoiled DNA complexed with histones.
- Chromosomes: Condensed DNA structures visible during cell division.
- Mitochondria: Organelles for cellular respiration and energy production.
- Cristae: Inner mitochondrial membrane folds increasing surface area.
- Matrix: Fluid inside the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- Mitochondrial DNA: DNA located within the mitochondria.
- Vesicles: Small membrane sacs used for transporting materials in cells.
- Lysosomes: Vesicles containing enzymes for waste breakdown.
- Cytoskeleton: Network of fibres giving cells shape and support.
- Microfilaments: Contractile actin fibres for cell movement and division.
- Microtubules: Hollow tubes providing cell structure, guiding organelles.
- Intermediate fibres: Provide mechanical strength and cell integrity.
- Centrioles: Hollow tubes in the cytoskeleton involved in cell division.
- Secretion: Process of discharging substances from a cell.
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Network of membranes in the cell.
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; protein synthesis and transport.
- Smooth ER: Involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles.
- Tonoplast: Membrane enclosing the vacuole (plant cells).
- Cell wall: Rigid protective layer surrounding some cells.
- Vacuole: Membrane-bound sacs for transport and storage.
- Chloroplast: Organelles for photosynthesis in plant cells.
- Stroma: Fluid surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts.
- Granum: Stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts (site of light reactions).
- Endosymbiosis: Theory of eukaryotic cell evolution from prokaryotic cells.
Chemical Basis of Life
- Elements: Substances composed of one kind of atom.
- Ions: Atoms or groups of atoms with a net charge.
- Polymers: Large molecules formed from repeating smaller units (monomers).
- Monomers: Individual units that form polymers.
- Covalent bonding: Strong bonds formed by sharing electrons.
- Ionic bonding: Strong bonds formed by transferring electrons.
- Polar molecules: Molecules with an uneven distribution of charge.
- Capillary action: Movement of water against gravity in narrow tubes.
- Carbohydrates: Organic molecules with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
- Monosaccharide: Single sugar molecule.
- Polysaccharide: Polymer made up of many sugar monomers.
- Glucose: Monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6.
- Hexose Monosaccharide: Six-carbon sugar.
- Glycosidic bond: Covalent bond between two monosaccharides.
- Condensation reaction: Reaction forming a larger molecule and releasing water.
- Maltose: Two glucose molecules linked by a glycosidic bond.
- Disaccharide: Two monosaccharides bonded together.
- Sucrose: Disaccharide of glucose and fructose.
- Lactose: Disaccharide of glucose and galactose.
- Pentose monosaccharide: Five-carbon sugar.
- Ribose: Pentose sugar found in RNA.
- Starch: Polysaccharide energy store in plants, composed of amylose and amylopectin.
- Glycogen: Branched polysaccharide energy store in animal cells.
- Hydrolysis reaction: Breakdown of a molecule using water.
- Cellulose: Polysaccharide forming plant cell walls.
- Reducing sugars: Donate electrons during reactions.
- Benedict's reagent: Test for reducing sugars.
- Iodine test: Test for starch.
- Colorimetry: Using a spectrophotometer to measure light absorption.
Lipids, Proteins and other Macromolecules
- Lipids: Non-polar macromolecules (fats and oils).
- Macromolecules: Large complex molecules.
- Triglyceride: Lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Glycerol: Alcohol component of triglycerides.
- Fatty acids: Carboxylic acids in triglycerides.
- Saturated: Fatty acids with no double bonds.
- Unsaturated: Fatty acids with double bonds.
- Phospholipids: Modified triglycerides with a phosphate group.
- Hydrophobic: Water-repelling.
- Hydrophilic: Water-attracting.
- Surfactants: Compounds lowering water surface tension.
- Sterols: Lipids with ring structures (e.g., cholesterol).
- Cholesterol: Important sterol in animal cells.
- Emulsion test: Laboratory test for lipids.
- Peptides: Short chains of amino acids.
- Amino acid: Building block of proteins.
- Proteins: Polymers of amino acids.
- R-group: Variable group in amino acids.
- Peptide bond: Bond joining amino acids.
- Polypeptide: Chain of three or more amino acids.
- Haem: Non-protein component of some proteins.
- Globular proteins: Proteins with a roughly spherical shape.
- Insulin: Example of a globular protein.
- Prosthetic group: Non-protein component of a conjugated protein.
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Description
This quiz covers essential microscopy techniques, including light and electron microscopy, as well as the principles of differential staining and cell structure. Test your understanding of how various microscopes work and the significance of artefacts in imaging. Perfect for students studying biology and cell biology concepts.
