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Questions and Answers
What is the name for an instrument that uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects?
What is the name for an instrument that uses visible light and glass lenses to magnify objects?
Light microscope
What type of light microscope uses two lenses to magnify an object?
What type of light microscope uses two lenses to magnify an object?
Compound light microscope
What is the name for the technique of using specific stains to distinguish different types of cells?
What is the name for the technique of using specific stains to distinguish different types of cells?
Differential staining
What is the purpose of a counterstain in microscopy?
What is the purpose of a counterstain in microscopy?
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What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen?
What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen?
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What term refers to the features of a cell that can be seen using an electron microscope?
What term refers to the features of a cell that can be seen using an electron microscope?
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What is the name for objects or structures seen through a microscope that have been created during the processing of the specimen?
What is the name for objects or structures seen through a microscope that have been created during the processing of the specimen?
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What type of electron microscope transmits a beam of electrons through the specimen to produce an image?
What type of electron microscope transmits a beam of electrons through the specimen to produce an image?
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What type of electron microscope scans the surface of the specimen with a beam of electrons to produce a three- dimensional image?
What type of electron microscope scans the surface of the specimen with a beam of electrons to produce a three- dimensional image?
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What type of microscope uses a beam of fluorescence and a pin-hole aperture to produce an image with very high resolution?
What type of microscope uses a beam of fluorescence and a pin-hole aperture to produce an image with very high resolution?
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Prokaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
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Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
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What term describes how many times larger the image is than the actual size of the object being viewed?
What term describes how many times larger the image is than the actual size of the object being viewed?
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What term describes the ability to see individual objects as separate entities?
What term describes the ability to see individual objects as separate entities?
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What is the internal fluid of cells, composed of cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton?
What is the internal fluid of cells, composed of cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton?
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What term refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism?
What term refers to all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism?
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What are membrane-bound compartments with varying functions inside eukaryotic cells?
What are membrane-bound compartments with varying functions inside eukaryotic cells?
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What part of the cell contains DNA and RNA and is responsible for growth and reproduction?
What part of the cell contains DNA and RNA and is responsible for growth and reproduction?
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What are proteins that form a complex with DNA called chromatin?
What are proteins that form a complex with DNA called chromatin?
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What is uncondensed DNA in a complex with histones called?
What is uncondensed DNA in a complex with histones called?
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What are structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin called? These structures become visible under the light microscope when cells are preparing to divide.
What are structures of condensed and coiled DNA in the form of chromatin called? These structures become visible under the light microscope when cells are preparing to divide.
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What organelle is found in large numbers in most cells and is responsible for the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production?
What organelle is found in large numbers in most cells and is responsible for the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production?
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What are the highly folded structures within the mitochondria's inner membrane called?
What are the highly folded structures within the mitochondria's inner membrane called?
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What is the fluid interior within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called?
What is the fluid interior within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called?
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What is the term for the DNA present within the matrix of the mitochondria?
What is the term for the DNA present within the matrix of the mitochondria?
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What are small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell called?
What are small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell called?
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What are specialized vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for the breakdown of waste materials within a cell?
What are specialized vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for the breakdown of waste materials within a cell?
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What is a network of fibres in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell called?
What is a network of fibres in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell called?
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What are contractile protein actin fibres responsible for cell movement and cell contraction when the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells?
What are contractile protein actin fibres responsible for cell movement and cell contraction when the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells?
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What are tubes that form a scaffold-like structure to determine the shape of the cell? They also act as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles around the cell and make up spindle fibres.
What are tubes that form a scaffold-like structure to determine the shape of the cell? They also act as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles around the cell and make up spindle fibres.
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What are fibres that give mechanical strength to cells and maintain their integrity?
What are fibres that give mechanical strength to cells and maintain their integrity?
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What component of most eukaryotic cells is composed of microtubules and plays an important role in cell division?
What component of most eukaryotic cells is composed of microtubules and plays an important role in cell division?
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What is a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion?
What is a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion?
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What is a network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae called?
What is a network of membranes enclosing flattened sacs called cisternae called?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes bound to its surface and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes bound to its surface and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins?
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What type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage?
What type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage?
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What organelle is constructed of RNA molecules and is the site of protein synthesis?
What organelle is constructed of RNA molecules and is the site of protein synthesis?
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What organelle is found in most eukaryotic cells and is formed from an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs (cisternae)? It plays a role in modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles.
What organelle is found in most eukaryotic cells and is formed from an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs (cisternae)? It plays a role in modifying and packaging proteins into vesicles.
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What is the membrane forming a vacuole in a plant cell called?
What is the membrane forming a vacuole in a plant cell called?
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What is a strong but flexible layer that surrounds some cell types?
What is a strong but flexible layer that surrounds some cell types?
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What are membranous sacs used to transport materials in the cell?
What are membranous sacs used to transport materials in the cell?
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What organelles are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells? They contain chlorophyll pigments which are the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
What organelles are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells? They contain chlorophyll pigments which are the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis.
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What is the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane called? It is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
What is the fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane called? It is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
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What is a structure inside chloroplasts composed of a stack of several thylakoids called? It contains chlorophyll pigments where light reactions occur during photosynthesis.
What is a structure inside chloroplasts composed of a stack of several thylakoids called? It contains chlorophyll pigments where light reactions occur during photosynthesis.
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What is the widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells?
What is the widely-accepted theoretical process by which eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells?
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What is the name for a molecule composed of one kind of atom? It cannot be broken down into simpler units by chemical reactions.
What is the name for a molecule composed of one kind of atom? It cannot be broken down into simpler units by chemical reactions.
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What is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms where the number of electrons is different from the number of protons?
What is a positively or negatively charged atom or group of atoms where the number of electrons is different from the number of protons?
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What are long-chain molecules composed of bonded multiple individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern?
What are long-chain molecules composed of bonded multiple individual molecules (monomers) in a repeating pattern?
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What are individual molecules that make up a polymer?
What are individual molecules that make up a polymer?
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What is the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms called?
What is the strong electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms called?
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What is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions called?
What is the electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions called?
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What is a molecule with an overall dipole, having taken into account any dipoles across bonds and the shape of the molecule?
What is a molecule with an overall dipole, having taken into account any dipoles across bonds and the shape of the molecule?
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What process, powered by adhesion, causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant?
What process, powered by adhesion, causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant?
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What are organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio Cx(H2O)y?
What are organic polymers composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio Cx(H2O)y?
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What is a single sugar molecule called?
What is a single sugar molecule called?
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What is a polymer made up of many sugar monomers called?
What is a polymer made up of many sugar monomers called?
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What is a monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6? It is one of the main products in photosynthesis in plants.
What is a monosaccharide with the chemical formula C6H12O6? It is one of the main products in photosynthesis in plants.
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What is a monosaccharide composed of six carbons?
What is a monosaccharide composed of six carbons?
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What is a covalent bond between two monosaccharides called?
What is a covalent bond between two monosaccharides called?
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What type of chemical reaction results in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule?
What type of chemical reaction results in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule?
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What is a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules linked by a 1-4 glycosidic bond?
What is a disaccharide made up of two glucose molecules linked by a 1-4 glycosidic bond?
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What is a molecule comprising two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond?
What is a molecule comprising two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond?
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What disaccharide is made up of a fructose and glucose monosaccharide?
What disaccharide is made up of a fructose and glucose monosaccharide?
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Study Notes
Microscopy Techniques
- Light microscopes use visible light and lenses to magnify objects.
- Compound light microscopes use two lenses (objective and eyepiece) for magnification.
- Differential staining uses specific stains to distinguish cell types.
- A counterstain is a second contrasting stain used in microscopy.
- Electron microscopes use electron beams for high-resolution images.
- Ultrastructure refers to the features visible with electron microscopes.
- Artefacts are structures created during specimen preparation.
- Transmission electron microscopes transmit electrons through a specimen.
- Scanning electron microscopes scan the specimen's surface for 3D images.
- Laser scanning confocal microscopes use fluorescence and a pinhole for high resolution.
Cell Structure & Function
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Magnification is the enlargement of an image compared to the subject.
- Resolution is the ability to distinguish separate objects.
- Cytoplasm is the cell's internal fluid containing cytosol, organelles, and cytoskeleton.
- Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions within an organism.
- Organelles are membrane-bound compartments with specific functions.
- The nucleus houses DNA and RNA; controls growth and reproduction.
- Histones are proteins that form chromatin with DNA.
- Chromatin is uncondensed DNA associated with histones.
- Chromosomes are condensed DNA structures visible during cell division.
- Mitochondria are organelles involved in respiration and energy production.
- Cristae are folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- The matrix is the fluid interior of the mitochondria.
- Mitochondrial DNA resides within the mitochondrial matrix.
- Vesicles are small membrane sacs for transporting materials.
- Lysosomes contain enzymes for waste breakdown.
- The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers maintaining cell shape and movement.
- Microfilaments are actin fibers for cell movement and contraction.
- Microtubules are tubes for cell shape and organelle transport.
- Intermediate fibers provide mechanical strength.
- Centrioles are part of the cytoskeleton, composed of microtubules.
- Secretion is the discharge of substances from a cell/organ.
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes (cisternae).
- Rough ER has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and transport.
- Smooth ER is involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage.
- Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis.
- Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins.
- The tonoplast is the vacuole membrane in plant cells.
- The cell wall surrounds some cell types, providing strength.
- Vacuoles are membrane sacs for material transport.
- Chloroplasts conduct photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll.
- Stroma is the chloroplast fluid involved in organic molecule synthesis.
- Grana are stacks of thylakoids, sites of light reactions in photosynthesis.
- Endosymbiosis is the theory of eukaryotic cell evolution from prokaryotes.
Chemical Components of Cells
- Elements are molecules with one type of atom.
- Ions are charged atoms or groups of atoms.
- Polymers are long chains of monomers.
- Monomers are individual subunits of a polymer.
- Covalent bonds are formed by shared electron pairs.
- Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions.
- Polar molecules have an overall dipole.
- Capillary action is water movement through narrow tubes due to adhesion.
- Carbohydrates are organic polymers with C, H, and O.
- Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules.
- Polysaccharides are polymers of many monosaccharides.
- Glucose is a common six-carbon monosaccharide (hexose).
- A glycosidic bond is a covalent bond between two monosaccharides.
- A condensation reaction forms a larger molecule and releases water.
- Maltose is a disaccharide of two glucose molecules.
- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides bonded together.
- Sucrose is a glucose-fructose disaccharide.
- Lactose is a glucose-galactose disaccharide.
- Ribose is a five-carbon monosaccharide (pentose) part of RNA.
- Starch is a polysaccharide from alpha glucose, amylose/amylopectin.
- Glycogen is a branched polysaccharide, an animal energy store.
- Hydrolysis breaks down a molecule using water.
- Cellulose is a polysaccharide from beta glucose chains, forming strong fibers.
- Reducing sugars donate electrons.
- Benedict's reagent tests for reducing sugars (brick red precipitate).
- Iodine test checks for starch (purple/black).
- Colorimetry uses a spectrophotometer to measure light absorption.
Lipids and Proteins
- Lipids are nonpolar macromolecules (fats/oils).
- Macromolecules are large, complex molecules.
- Triglycerides are lipids of glycerol and three fatty acids.
- Glycerol is an alcohol in triglycerides.
- Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids.
- Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds.
- Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds.
- Phospholipids have a phosphate group replacing a fatty acid.
- Hydrophobic molecules repel water, while hydrophilic molecules attract water.
- Surfactants reduce water surface tension.
- Sterols are lipids with ring structures (e.g., cholesterol).
- Emulsion tests detect lipids using ethanol.
- Peptides are chains of amino acids.
- Amino acids are the monomers of proteins.
- Proteins are one or more polypeptides.
- R-groups are variable groups on amino acids.
- Peptide bonds link amino acids.
- Polypeptides are chains of three or more amino acids.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in microscopy techniques and the structure and function of cells. It highlights the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as various microscopy methods including light and electron microscopy. Test your knowledge on how these techniques enhance our understanding of cellular structures.
