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Questions and Answers
What does the stomatal index (SI) represent?
What does the stomatal index (SI) represent?
Which statement accurately describes trichomes?
Which statement accurately describes trichomes?
What is the primary purpose of using microscopical methods in pharmacognosy?
What is the primary purpose of using microscopical methods in pharmacognosy?
What is the primary difference between stomata and water pores?
What is the primary difference between stomata and water pores?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of trichome?
Which of the following is NOT a type of trichome?
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Which of the following methods is NOT used to prepare materials for microscopic examination?
Which of the following methods is NOT used to prepare materials for microscopic examination?
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Which type of plant tissue is considered least affected by drying and is therefore useful for drug identification?
Which type of plant tissue is considered least affected by drying and is therefore useful for drug identification?
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In which part of the plant are trichomes typically absent?
In which part of the plant are trichomes typically absent?
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What is the significance of using stains during microscopic evaluation?
What is the significance of using stains during microscopic evaluation?
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Which reagent is used to give a red stain with lignin?
Which reagent is used to give a red stain with lignin?
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In identifying powdered crude drugs, what is considered an essential step?
In identifying powdered crude drugs, what is considered an essential step?
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Which staining method results in mucilage appearing pink?
Which staining method results in mucilage appearing pink?
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What does quantitative microscopy involve in evaluating drugs?
What does quantitative microscopy involve in evaluating drugs?
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Which type of glandular trichome features a multicellular, multiseriate head and a unicellular stalk?
Which type of glandular trichome features a multicellular, multiseriate head and a unicellular stalk?
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What is the primary function of hydathodes in certain plants?
What is the primary function of hydathodes in certain plants?
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Which test would indicate the presence of calcium in powdered drugs?
Which test would indicate the presence of calcium in powdered drugs?
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Which type of trichome is characterized by having a unicellular head and a unicellular stalk?
Which type of trichome is characterized by having a unicellular head and a unicellular stalk?
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Lycopodium spores are particularly significant in evaluations of powdered drugs because they are:
Lycopodium spores are particularly significant in evaluations of powdered drugs because they are:
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Which of the following is an example of a unicellular trichome type?
Which of the following is an example of a unicellular trichome type?
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What characterizes emergences in plants?
What characterizes emergences in plants?
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What distinguishes multicellular unbranched trichomes from unicellular trichomes?
What distinguishes multicellular unbranched trichomes from unicellular trichomes?
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What type of trichome has a multicellular, multiseriate structure and is secretory in nature?
What type of trichome has a multicellular, multiseriate structure and is secretory in nature?
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Which type of covering trichome has large, conical, and strongly shrunken cells?
Which type of covering trichome has large, conical, and strongly shrunken cells?
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In the observation of powdered drugs, what does an oily spot on filter paper suggest?
In the observation of powdered drugs, what does an oily spot on filter paper suggest?
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Which plant is an example of a multicellular unbranched hair type?
Which plant is an example of a multicellular unbranched hair type?
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Which of the following plants is known to produce emergences?
Which of the following plants is known to produce emergences?
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What type of glandular trichome is characterized by the absence of a stalk?
What type of glandular trichome is characterized by the absence of a stalk?
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Which type of trichome includes stellate and peltate structures?
Which type of trichome includes stellate and peltate structures?
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Which is NOT a characteristic of glandular trichomes?
Which is NOT a characteristic of glandular trichomes?
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Which cells are considered to have the most significant diagnostic value when identifying powdered drugs?
Which cells are considered to have the most significant diagnostic value when identifying powdered drugs?
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What indicates the adulteration of powdered rhubarb and ginger?
What indicates the adulteration of powdered rhubarb and ginger?
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What is the correct definition of the palisade ratio?
What is the correct definition of the palisade ratio?
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Which parameter is NOT typically studied in quantitative microscopy?
Which parameter is NOT typically studied in quantitative microscopy?
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Which drug is characterized by the presence of starch grains while they are absent in another part?
Which drug is characterized by the presence of starch grains while they are absent in another part?
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What does the vein-islet number represent in the context of leaf constants?
What does the vein-islet number represent in the context of leaf constants?
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According to quantitative microscopy, what can distinguish different varieties of Senna?
According to quantitative microscopy, what can distinguish different varieties of Senna?
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What is one of the primary contributions of Walles's publication in pharmacognosy?
What is one of the primary contributions of Walles's publication in pharmacognosy?
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What defines the fragments or particles that can be counted using the described technique?
What defines the fragments or particles that can be counted using the described technique?
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Which characteristic of tissues or cells allows for their area to be traced and calculated?
Which characteristic of tissues or cells allows for their area to be traced and calculated?
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What is the purpose of using lycopodium spores in the evaluation of powdered drugs?
What is the purpose of using lycopodium spores in the evaluation of powdered drugs?
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How is the percentage of an authentic powdered ginger calculated?
How is the percentage of an authentic powdered ginger calculated?
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What does the variable 'P' represent in the percentage calculation equation for powdered ginger?
What does the variable 'P' represent in the percentage calculation equation for powdered ginger?
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What is indicated by the term 'percentage' in the context of evaluating powdered drugs?
What is indicated by the term 'percentage' in the context of evaluating powdered drugs?
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Which type of powdered material can the Lycopodium spore method NOT be used to evaluate?
Which type of powdered material can the Lycopodium spore method NOT be used to evaluate?
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What is the function of suspending powdered drugs in a viscous liquid during evaluation?
What is the function of suspending powdered drugs in a viscous liquid during evaluation?
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Study Notes
Microscopical Methods for Drug Identification
- Microscopical methods allow detailed examination of drugs, identifying organized drugs via known histological characteristics.
- Sample preparation, like powdering, sectioning, or maceration, is crucial for examination.
- Mounting and staining techniques enhance differentiation between tissues and adulterants.
Microscopic Examination of Whole Crude Drugs
- Identification of whole crude drugs often involves examining transverse and longitudinal sections.
- Tissue arrangement varies among different drugs.
- Cells, such as fibers, sclereids, tracheids, and cork cells, are crucial for identifying specific plant tissues.
- Lignified trichomes, warty trichomes, wavy medullary rays, and glandular trichomes are examples of distinctive features.
Chemical Methods for Microscopic Evaluation
- Reagents and stains visually distinguish cellular structures.
- Micrometry (microscopic measurement) and chemomicroscopy (chemical microscopy) aid analysis.
- Phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid react with lignin; ruthenium red and corallin soda with mucilage; cellulose with cuoxam; and starch and hemicelluloses with iodine solution.
Microscopic Examination of Powdered Drugs
- Powdered drugs require careful examination of fragments to identify constituent cells or cell groups.
- Cell identification, especially those least affected by processing, is critical.
- Cells with thick walls or lignified walls are significant.
Quantitative Microscopy
- Quantitative microscopy helps determine the percentage of extraneous organic matter in powdered drugs.
- Measures like stomatal number, index, palisade ratio, vein-islet number, and starch grain size aid in identification.
Leaf Constants
- Palisade ratio: average number of palisade cells under one epidermal cell.
- Vein-islet number: vein-islets per square millimeter midway between the midrib and margin.
- Stomatal number: average stomata per square millimeter of leaf epidermis.
- Stomatal index (SI): proportion of stomata to total epidermal cells (% stomata/total cells)
Trichomes
- Trichomes (plant hairs) are epidermal outgrowths, aiding identification.
- Classified as covering (non-glandular) or glandular trichomes, based on structure and cellular makeup.
Hydathodes and Emergences
- Hydathodes and emergences are water-secreting structures or small outgrowths on plant surfaces.
- They aid in plant protection. Examples include rose prickles.
Observation of Powdered Drugs
- Color, microscopic features (water solubility, reactions with chemicals like dilute sulfuric acid), and presence of oils/saponins help with identification.
Lycopodium Spore Method
- Spores of Lycopodium are used to evaluate powdered drugs, like ginger, clove, nutmeg, etc.
- Spore count and dimensions helps identify powdered drug characteristics.
- This method assesses the authenticity of powdered specimens.
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Description
Explore the various microscopical methods utilized for the identification of drugs, focusing on both whole crude drugs and organized drugs. Learn about the crucial preparation techniques, examination of tissue arrangements, and the chemical methods that enhance microscopic evaluation. Understand the significance of specific cell structures in drug identification.
