Patho quiz 2
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the bacterial capsule in microbes?

  • Makes the microbe easier to recognize by the immune system
  • Enhances the ability to produce toxins
  • Protects the microbe from phagocytosis (correct)
  • Increases the rate of cell division

What type of genetic material is carried by retroviruses such as HIV?

  • Double-stranded DNA
  • Protein coat only
  • RNA (correct)
  • DNA

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of rickettsia?

  • It is a large gram-positive extracellular microbe
  • It is visible under a light microscope without staining
  • It is a very small gram-negative intracellular microbe (correct)
  • It can survive in extreme pH levels

Which of the following factors would NOT contribute to increased virulence in a microbe?

<p>Production of interferons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom represents a local sign of infection?

<p>Pain, erythema, and swelling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does penicillin exert its bactericidal effects?

<p>It inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan in the cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition does leucopenia often indicate when an infection is suspected?

<p>Viral infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an infectious disease spreads globally at a higher than usual rate, it is termed what?

<p>Pandemic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?

<p>Antiseptics kill microbes, disinfectants only inhibit growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the nature of yeasts?

<p>Yeasts can cause opportunistic infections depending on host conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of reproduction is characteristic of fungi?

<p>Fungi reproduce by budding, extending hyphae, and producing spores (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a protozoan agent of disease?

<p>Tinea pedis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Entamoeba histolytica primarily transmitted?

<p>Via cysts present in feces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a carrier in terms of disease transmission?

<p>An asymptomatic person that harbors pathogens and can spread them (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary pathological effect of influenza virus?

<p>Inflammation and necrosis of the upper respiratory epithelium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition does leukocytosis frequently indicate?

<p>Bacterial infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is classified as an obligate intracellular parasite?

<p>Virus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a step in the viral infection process?

<p>Virus replicates through binary fission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of viral structure?

<p>It has a protein coat and either DNA or RNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A strict anaerobe requires which specific environmental condition?

<p>Absence of oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does microbial mutation refer to?

<p>An alteration in genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is appropriate for fungal infections?

<p>Anti-mitotic medications, such as griseofulvin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanisms help control serum pH levels?

<p>Buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cation is predominantly found in extracellular fluid?

<p>Sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to bicarbonate levels when excessive lactic acid accumulates?

<p>Bicarbonate ion levels decrease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two ions are crucial for maintaining acid-base balance?

<p>Chloride and bicarbonate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What skin change occurs in psoriasis?

<p>Increased mitosis and shedding of epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do secondary infections often develop in pruritic lesions?

<p>Entry of resident flora while scratching the lesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is classified as an autoimmune disorder?

<p>Pemphigus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of antiviral drugs in viral infections?

<p>They limit the acute stage and viral shedding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is pediculosis commonly diagnosed?

<p>The presence of nits at the base of hair shafts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skin condition is known for its characteristic lesion?

<p>Furuncles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of type I hypersensitivity to ingested substances?

<p>Urticaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major predisposing factor for squamous cell carcinoma?

<p>Exposure to ultraviolet light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the typical lesion of impetigo?

<p>Small vesicles that rupture to produce a crusty brown pruritic mass (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of Tinea capitis?

<p>It is an infection involving the scalp (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily characterized by excessive fluid intake?

<p>Excessive fluid intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process does not significantly involve phosphate ions?

<p>Blood clotting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome of strenuous physical exercise on a hot day?

<p>Hypovolemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence serum potassium levels?

<p>Respiratory rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ratio is crucial for maintaining serum pH in the normal range?

<p>Carbonic acid to bicarbonate must be 1:20 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicates which condition?

<p>Metabolic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?

<p>pH is below the normal range (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response occurs due to dehydration?

<p>Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an anxiety attack, hyperventilation leads to which of the following?

<p>Decreased PCO2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as a compensatory mechanism for respiratory depression due to anesthesia?

<p>Increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following results from prolonged diarrhea?

<p>Loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of excessive lactic acid accumulation in the blood serum?

<p>Bicarbonate ion levels decrease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event sequence describes the rise of blood ketoacids in a diabetic patient?

<p>Serum pH decreases, serum bicarbonate decreases, respiration increases, PCO2 decreases, urine pH decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Increased nervous system irritability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for its protective functions?

<p>Epidermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial presentation of a psoriatic lesion?

<p>Begins as a red papule and develops into silvery plaques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best describes impetigo?

<p>The infection is highly contagious (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common effect is linked to eating allergens in a type I hypersensitivity reaction?

<p>Urticaria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area is typically affected by Tinea capitis?

<p>Scalp (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microorganism is responsible for Tinea infections?

<p>Fungus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the itchy sensation associated with scabies?

<p>Mites burrowing into the epidermis and reaction to their feces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is pediculosis diagnosed?

<p>The presence of nits at the base of hair shafts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading risk factor for developing squamous cell carcinoma?

<p>Exposure to ultraviolet light (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the systemic effects associated with acute necrotizing fasciitis?

<p>Toxic shock and disorientation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Universal Precautions?

<p>All body fluids from individuals are treated as potential sources of infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bacteremia' indicate?

<p>Presence of microbes in the bloodstream. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Culture and sensitivity tests are primarily used for what purpose?

<p>Identifying the microbe and determining the effective antimicrobial. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a broad-spectrum bactericidal agent?

<p>It can destroy numerous types of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does tetracycline exert its effects as a bacteriostatic agent?

<p>It inhibits protein and DNA synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary bacterial infections during influenza are often due to which reason?

<p>The virus increases inflammation and tissue damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it generally preferred to use bactericidal antibiotics over bacteriostatic ones?

<p>They actively kill bacteria, preventing growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When an infectious disease occurs in limited, scattered cases, it is referred to as a:

<p>Sporadic occurrence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In conditions of elevated blood osmotic pressure, where does water primarily shift?

<p>From the interstitial compartment to the blood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would result from a deficit of plasma proteins?

<p>Decreased osmotic pressure in the blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sign is typically associated with dehydration?

<p>Rough oral mucosa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is described as a combination of decreased blood volume and excess fluid in a body cavity?

<p>Third-spacing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common effect can occur from both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

<p>Cardiac arrhythmias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary role of bacterial capsules in microbes?

<p>Protects the microbe from phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the components of a retrovirus?

<p>Has a protein coat and RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identifying a unique aspect of rickettsia, what can it be classified as?

<p>A very small gram-negative intracellular microbe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to increased virulence in microbes?

<p>Production of interferons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are indicative of a local sign of infection?

<p>Pain, erythema, and swelling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism through which penicillin exerts its bactericidal action?

<p>Interferes with the formation of peptidoglycan in the cell wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leucopenia is often associated with which type of infection?

<p>Viral infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a disease occurs at a higher rate than usual in a global context, it is classified as a:

<p>Pandemic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes antiseptics from disinfectants?

<p>Antiseptics kill microbes on living tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two ions are essential for maintaining acid-base balance in the body?

<p>Cl– and HCO3– (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for yeasts?

<p>They may lead to opportunistic infections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary change occurs in the skin when an individual has psoriasis?

<p>Thickening of the epidermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major factor contributing to the higher incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma?

<p>Increase in immunosuppressed individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of reproduction is NOT associated with fungi?

<p>Binary fission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does excessive lactic acid accumulation have on blood serum?

<p>Bicarbonate ion levels decrease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic lesion is typical of impetigo?

<p>Small vesicles that rupture to produce a crusty brown pruritic mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'carrier' refer to in infectious diseases?

<p>An asymptomatic individual who can transmit pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a lesion caused by Tinea corporis?

<p>Erythematous ring of vesicles with a clear center (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the influenza virus?

<p>Inflammation and necrosis of respiratory tissue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leukocytosis is usually indicative of which condition?

<p>Bacterial infections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with a type I hypersensitivity reaction to ingested substances?

<p>Urticaria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microbe is recognized as an obligate intracellular parasite?

<p>Virus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism underlies the effectiveness of antiviral drugs in treating viral infections?

<p>They limit the acute stage and viral shedding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What incorrectly describes the process of viral infection?

<p>The virus replicates via binary fission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are furuncles commonly caused by?

<p>Staphylococcus aureus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is essential to every virus structure?

<p>RNA or DNA and a protein coat. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific environment does a strict anaerobe require?

<p>Complete absence of oxygen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of chronic UV exposure on skin cancer development?

<p>Increases risk of squamous cell carcinoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Dupuytren’s contracture primarily involve?

<p>Knots of tissue in the palm leading to bent fingers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does microbial mutation indicate?

<p>Genetic information of the microbe has changed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for fungal infections?

<p>Antifungal medications like griseofulvin. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can delay initial diagnosis significantly affect in patients with necrotizing fasciitis?

<p>Mortality rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'nosocomial infection' signify?

<p>Infection contracted in a hospital. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following directly correlates with excessive fluid intake?

<p>Decreased serum sodium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is most affected by aldosterone secretion in relation to serum potassium levels?

<p>Enhanced reabsorption of sodium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is likely to lead to metabolic alkalosis immediately after onset?

<p>Prolonged vomiting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect would excess lactic acid accumulation have on serum bicarbonate levels?

<p>Bicarbonate levels decrease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism primarily aids in the compensation for dehydration?

<p>Increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom reflects a state of hypovolemia after strenuous exercise in heat?

<p>Increased heart rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the effect of respiratory depressants on blood acid-base balance?

<p>Increased carbonic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of prolonged diarrhea on metabolic status?

<p>Loss of acid and dehydration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would indicate impaired respiratory function due to emphysema?

<p>Respiratory acidosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of respiratory alkalosis?

<p>Increased renal bicarbonate excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is essential for maintaining serum pH in the appropriate range?

<p>Carbonic acid to bicarbonate ratio of 1:20 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflects the initial response of the body to increasing ketoacids in blood?

<p>Decreased serum bicarbonate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change aligns with hyperventilation during an anxiety attack?

<p>Decreased PCO2 levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical appearance of a psoriasis lesion?

<p>Begins as a red papule and develops into silvery plaques (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with impetigo?

<p>The infection is highly contagious (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of pruritus in scabies?

<p>Mites burrowing into the epidermis and reaction to their feces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of microbe is responsible for causing Tinea infections?

<p>Fungus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is actinic keratosis commonly identified?

<p>They arise on skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about herpes virus transmission is incorrect?

<p>Contaminated blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct match of the skin condition and its usual location?

<p>Scabies — fingers, wrists, waist (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the lesions of actinic keratoses?

<p>They typically arise on areas of skin exposed to the sun (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle is Universal Precautions based on?

<p>Assuming that all body fluids from all individuals are possible sources of infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bacteremia' mean?

<p>Microbes present in the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of culture and sensitivity tests?

<p>To identify the causative microbe and determine the effective antimicrobial agent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A broad-spectrum bactericidal agent is expected to do what?

<p>Destroy many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the occurrence of secondary bacterial infections during influenza outbreaks?

<p>The virus causes extensive tissue inflammation and necrosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it preferred to use a bactericidal antibiotic over a bacteriostatic antibiotic?

<p>Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria, often leading to faster recovery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An infectious disease designated as sporadic occurs in which situation?

<p>In isolated and scattered cases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When osmotic pressure in the blood is elevated, what happens to water?

<p>Water shifts from the interstitial compartment into the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does a deficit of plasma proteins have on the body?

<p>Decreased osmotic pressure, leading to edema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common sign of dehydration?

<p>Rough oral mucosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bacterial Capsule Function

The bacterial capsule protects the microbe from phagocytosis (being eaten by immune cells).

HIV Retrovirus Structure

Retroviruses like HIV have a protein coat and RNA, not DNA.

Rickettsia Characteristics

Rickettsia are small, gram-negative, intracellular microbes.

Virulence Factors and Interferons

Increased virulence comes from things like toxins, evading the immune response, and antibiotic resistance - NOT interferons.

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Local Signs of Infection

Local signs include pain, redness (erythema), and swelling at the site of infection.

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Penicillin's Mechanism

Penicillin inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan, a cell wall component in bacteria.

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Leucopenia and Viral Infection

Low white blood cell count (leucopenia) can indicate a viral infection rather than a bacterial infection.

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Interferon Function

Interferons increase the host cell's resistance to viral infections.

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Antiseptic vs. Disinfectant

Antiseptics are used on living tissue to kill microbes, while disinfectants are used on non-living surfaces to kill or inhibit microbial growth.

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Yeast Infections

Yeasts can cause opportunistic infections in the body, meaning they infect individuals with weakened immune systems.

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Fungal Reproduction

Fungi reproduce through budding, hyphae extension, and spore production.

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Protozoan Disease Example

Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium falciparum are examples of protozoan diseases.

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Entamoeba Transmission

Entamoeba histolytica is transmitted through contaminated fecal matter (cysts).

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Carrier Definition

A carrier is an asymptomatic person who harbors and transmits pathogens to others.

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Influenza Pathological Effect

Influenza causes inflammation and necrosis of the upper respiratory epithelium.

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Leukocytosis Indication

Leukocytosis frequently indicates a bacterial infection.

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Obligate Intracellular Parasite

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, requiring a host cell to reproduce.

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Viral Replication

Viruses replicate by using the host cell to produce and assemble new viral components.

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Viral Structure

Viruses have a protein coat (capsid) and either DNA or RNA.

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Strict Anaerobe

A strict anaerobe requires an environment without oxygen to survive.

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Microbial Mutation

Microbial mutation involves a change in the genetic information of the microbe.

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Fungal Infections Treatment

Fungal infections are treated with anti-mitotic medications like griseofulvin.

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Nosocomial Infection

A nosocomial infection is acquired in a hospital or medical facility.

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Universal Precautions

Treating all bodily fluids as potentially infectious.

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Bacteremia

Microbes in the blood.

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Culture and Sensitivity Tests

Identify the infection type and best treatment.

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Broad-spectrum bactericidal agent

Kills many types of bacteria.

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Tetracycline (bacteriostatic)

Stops bacteria growth, not kills them.

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Secondary bacterial infections (influenza)

Infections happening after a virus (like flu).

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Bactericidal antibiotic

Kills bacteria.

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Sporadic occurrence

Scattered, irregular cases of a disease.

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Osmotic pressure & blood

Elevated blood pressure causes fluid to enter blood, from surrounding tissues.

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Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia

Low/high potassium levels causing heart irregularities

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Hypocalcemia

Low calcium levels causing muscle spasms.

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Normal serum pH

7.4

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Metabolic acidosis

Excess acids in the blood leading to decreased pH.

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Insensible fluid loss

Water loss through sweat or breath.

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Elevated hematocrit

High red blood cell count, often due to fluid loss.

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Hypervolemia

An increase in blood volume, often due to excessive fluid intake or retention.

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Hyperkalemia

A high level of potassium in the blood.

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Aldosterone

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body.

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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A hormone secreted by the heart that helps regulate blood volume and pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion.

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Respiratory Acidosis

A condition where the body's pH is too low due to impaired breathing and an accumulation of carbon dioxide.

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Metabolic Alkalosis

A condition where the body's pH is too high due to a loss of acid or an increase in bicarbonate.

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Respiratory Alkalosis

A condition where the body's pH is too high due to hyperventilation and a decrease in carbon dioxide.

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Dehydration

A state of fluid loss, often caused by excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, or insufficient fluid intake.

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone that regulates water reabsorption by the kidneys.

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Ketoacids

Acids produced during the breakdown of fat in the body, often elevated in diabetes.

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Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-)

A major component of the blood buffer system that helps regulate pH.

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Carbonic Acid (H2CO3)

An acid formed in the blood from carbon dioxide and water, important for pH regulation.

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Buffer System

A chemical system that resists large changes in pH, typically involving a weak acid and its conjugate base.

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Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin, responsible for protection and acting as a barrier against pathogens.

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Dermis

The middle layer of skin, containing blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands, providing support and nourishment to the epidermis.

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Psoriasis Lesion

A characteristic skin lesion of psoriasis, starting as a red bump (papule) and progressing into a scaly, silvery plaque.

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Impetigo Contagion

A highly contagious skin infection caused by bacteria, usually Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.

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Herpes Transmission

Herpes virus is usually spread through direct skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, and respiratory droplets, NOT contaminated blood.

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Actinic Keratosis Cause

A pre-cancerous skin growth that arises from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, mainly from the sun.

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Scabies Location

A contagious skin infestation caused by mites, typically found between fingers, wrists, and waist.

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Vesicle Definition

A small, raised, thin-walled lesion filled with clear fluid, often found in skin conditions like chickenpox and herpes.

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Urticaria (Hives)

A skin reaction often caused by a type I hypersensitivity response, characterized by itchy, raised welts (wheals) that appear suddenly.

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Tinea capitis

A fungal infection of the scalp, also known as 'ringworm' of the scalp.

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Acid-Base Balance

The regulation of pH in body fluids, primarily blood, to maintain optimal function. It's crucial for enzyme activity and cell processes.

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Primary Extracellular Cation

The most abundant positively charged ion found outside cells, primarily in the blood and interstitial fluid.

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Lactic Acid Accumulation Effect

Excessive lactic acid buildup leads to a decrease in bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood.

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Acid-Base Balance Ions

The two primary ions responsible for blood pH regulation are Chloride (Cl-) and Bicarbonate (HCO3-).

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Psoriasis Skin Change

Psoriasis is characterized by increased skin cell division (mitosis) and accelerated shedding.

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Typical Psoriasis Lesion

Psoriasis lesions usually start as red bumps (papules) and develop into silvery, scaly patches.

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Pruritic Lesion Infection

Scratching pruritic (itchy) lesions can introduce resident bacteria, increasing risk of secondary infections.

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Pemphigus Autoimmunity

Pemphigus, an autoimmune skin disorder, involves the immune system attacking skin cells, causing blistering.

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Antiviral Drug Effectiveness

Antiviral drugs work by limiting the virus's ability to reproduce and spread, lessening the severity of the infection.

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Pediculosis Diagnosis

Pediculosis (head lice) is diagnosed by finding nits (lice eggs) attached to hair shafts.

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Malignant Melanoma Characteristic

Malignant melanoma, a dangerous skin cancer, can be identified by asymmetry, irregular borders, and multiple colors.

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Necrotizing Fasciitis Systemic Effects

Acute necrotizing fasciitis, a serious skin infection, can cause toxic shock, disorientation, and other systemic effects.

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Leprosy Causative Agent

Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium leprae.

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Necrotizing Fasciitis Mortality Factor

Delayed diagnosis is a significant factor contributing to higher mortality in necrotizing fasciitis.

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Bacterial Capsule Effect

The bacterial capsule helps protect the bacteria from being engulfed and destroyed by immune cells (phagocytosis).

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Retrovirus Structure

Retroviruses, like HIV, have a protein coat and contain RNA, not DNA.

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Virulence Factor: Interferons

Interferons actually help fight infections, they don't increase the virulence of a microbe. Virulence refers to how harmful a microbe is.

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Local Infection Signs

Signs of a localized infection include pain, redness (erythema), and swelling at the site of infection.

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Leucopenia Indication

A low white blood cell count (leucopenia) can often be a sign of a viral infection, not a bacterial infection.

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Universal Precautions Principle

Treating all bodily fluids as potentially infectious to prevent the spread of disease.

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Tetracycline's Action

Tetracycline acts as a bacteriostatic agent by blocking protein and DNA synthesis in bacteria.

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Secondary Bacterial Infections

Bacterial infections that occur after a viral infection, often due to weakened immune defenses or tissue damage caused by the virus.

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Thirst Control Center

The hypothalamus in the brain is responsible for regulating thirst.

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Opportunistic Infections

Opportunistic infections occur when microbes take advantage of a weakened immune system to cause disease.

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Yeast Reproduction

Yeasts reproduce through budding (creating a small copy), extending hyphae (filamentous structures), and producing spores.

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Influenza Virus Characteristics

Influenza viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, contain RNA, and have subtypes: A, B, and C.

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Excessive fluid intake

Drinking more fluids than the body needs, leading to an increase in blood volume.

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Phosphate ion

A negatively charged ion (PO43-) that is crucial for energy production, bone formation, and muscle function.

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Factors affecting serum potassium

Serum potassium levels are influenced by aldosterone, hydrogen ion levels (acidity), and insulin.

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Maintaining serum pH

The ratio of carbonic acid (H2CO3) to bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) needs to be 1:20 for normal pH.

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Dehydration compensation

The body compensates for dehydration by releasing more antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to retain water.

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Hyperventilation and PCO2

Hyperventilation (rapid breathing) leads to a decrease in PCO2 (carbon dioxide) in the blood.

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Respiratory system depression compensation

The body compensates for depressed breathing by increasing the secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate, making urine more acidic.

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Prolonged diarrhea consequences

Prolonged diarrhea leads to a loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, resulting in metabolic acidosis.

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Ketoacids and blood pH

Elevated ketoacids in a diabetic patient lower blood pH, decreasing bicarbonate levels and increasing respiration.

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Respiratory alkalosis manifestation

Respiratory alkalosis often causes increased nervous system irritability, leading to symptoms like anxiety and restlessness.

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Initial stage of vomiting effect

The initial stage of vomiting causes metabolic alkalosis due to loss of stomach acid.

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Serum pH Control

The body maintains a stable blood pH through three mechanisms: buffer pairs in the blood, kidney excretion rate adjustments, and changes in respiration rate.

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Lactic Acid Accumulation Impact

When too much lactic acid builds up in the body, it leads to a decrease in bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the blood, affecting its pH.

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Pruritic Lesion Infection Risk

Scratching itchy skin lesions can introduce bacteria from the skin's surface, increasing the risk of secondary infections.

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Psoriasis

A chronic skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches (plaques) that develop due to rapid skin cell growth.

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Impetigo

A contagious bacterial skin infection characterized by red sores that develop a yellow crust.

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Actinic Keratosis

A pre-cancerous skin growth caused by excessive sun exposure, appearing as a rough, scaly patch.

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Scabies

A contagious skin infestation caused by tiny mites that burrow under the skin, leading to intense itching.

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Vesicle

A small, fluid-filled blister on the skin.

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Study Notes

Bacterial Capsules and Phagocytosis

  • Bacterial capsules protect microbes from phagocytosis by the immune system.

Retrovirus Structure

  • Retroviruses, like HIV, have a protein coat and RNA.

Rickettsia Characteristics

  • Rickettsia are very small, gram-negative intracellular microbes.

Microbial Virulence Factors

  • Factors that increase microbial virulence include toxin production and immune evasion, as well as antibiotic resistance. Production of interferons does not increase virulence.

Infection Signs

  • Local signs of infection include pain, erythema (redness), and swelling.

Penicillin's Mechanism of Action

  • Penicillin inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan, a component of bacterial cell walls, causing bacterial death.

Leucopenia and Infection Types

  • Leucopenia, a low white blood cell count, is often associated with viral infections.

Interferon Function

  • Interferons increase host cell resistance to viral invasion.

Global Infectious Disease Outbreaks

  • A higher-than-usual rate of a specific disease worldwide is termed a pandemic.

Antiseptics vs. Disinfectants

  • Antiseptics are used on living tissue, whereas disinfectants are used on nonliving surfaces to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes.

Yeast Characteristics

  • Yeasts can cause opportunistic infections.

Fungal Reproduction

  • Fungi reproduce via budding, hyphae extension, and spore formation.

Protozoan Pathogens

  • Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium falciparum are protozoan agents of disease. Tinea pedis is a fungal infection, not a protozoan. Giardia lamblia is a protozoan.

Entamoeba Histolytica Transmission

  • Entamoeba histolytica is transmitted via cysts in feces.

Carrier Definition

  • A carrier is an asymptomatic individual who harbors pathogens and can transmit them to others.

Influenza Virus Pathological Effects

  • The primary pathological effect of influenza is inflammation and necrosis of the upper respiratory epithelium.

Leukocytosis and Infection

  • Leukocytosis, an elevated white blood cell count, often indicates a bacterial infection.

Obligate Intracellular Parasites

  • Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites.

Viral Replication

  • Viruses replicate by using host cells to reproduce and assemble components. Viral replication does not occur through binary fission.

Fungal Infections Treatment

  • Fungal infections are treated with anti-mitotic medications, like griseofulvin.

Nosocomial Infections

  • Nosocomial infections are acquired in hospitals or medical facilities.

Broad-Spectrum Bactericidal Agents

  • Broad-spectrum bactericidal agents kill many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Influenza Virus Characteristics

  • Influenza viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that contain RNA, with subtypes A, B, and C.

Influenza Complications

  • Widespread necrosis of the respiratory mucosa during influenza infection often leads to secondary bacterial infections.

Factors Affecting Microbial Virulence

  • Virulence is determined by factors like toxin production, immune evasion, and rapid reproduction, but not by the capacity for opportunism.

Direct Contact Transmission

  • Direct contact transmission includes sexual intercourse.

Prodromal Period

  • The prodromal period is the time when an infected person experiences early symptoms of an infection like headache or fatigue.

Universal Precautions

  • Universal precautions assume all body fluids may be infectious.

Bacteremia

  • Bacteremia refers to microbes present in the bloodstream.

Culture and Sensitivity Tests

  • Culture and sensitivity tests identify the causative microbe and determine effective antimicrobials.

Tetracycline's Mechanism of Action

  • Tetracycline is a bacteriostatic agent that blocks protein and DNA synthesis.

Antibiotic Choice

  • Bactericidal antibiotics are preferred over bacteriostatic antibiotics when possible.

Sporadic Occurrences

  • Sporadic occurrences represent few, scattered cases of a disease.

Fluid Shifts and Osmotic Pressure

  • When blood osmotic pressure is elevated, water shifts from interstitial fluid into the blood.

Decreased Plasma Proteins and Fluid Shift

  • A deficit of plasma proteins lowers osmotic pressure, leading to fluid buildup in tissues.

Dehydration Signs

  • Dehydration symptoms include a rough oral mucosa.

Third-Spacing

  • Third-spacing is reduced circulating blood volume with excess fluid in a body cavity.

Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia Effects

  • Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause cardiac arrhythmias.

Hypocalcemia Effects

  • Hypocalcemia causes skeletal muscle twitching and spasms.

Tetany and Serum Calcium

  • Tetany results from increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium.

Normal Serum pH

  • Normal serum pH is 7.4.

Serum pH and Hydrogen Ions

  • An accumulation of hydrogen ions decreases serum pH.

Acid-Base Balance Control

  • Kidney control of acid-base balance is the slowest but most effective mechanism.

Infant Water Needs

  • Infants have a higher metabolic rate, requiring more water.

Metabolic Acidosis and Hyperkalemia

  • Prolonged metabolic acidosis often leads to hyperkalemia.

Hypocalcemia and Cardiac Contraction

  • Hypocalcemia weakens cardiac contractions due to insufficient available calcium for muscle contraction.

Insensible Fluid Loss

  • Insensible fluid loss occurs through perspiration and expiration.

Elevated Hematocrit

  • Elevated hematocrit is associated with fluid deficit.

Thirst Control Center

  • The hypothalamus controls thirst.

Hypernatremia Definition

  • Hypernatremia is elevated sodium levels in blood and extracellular fluids.

Hyponatremia Causes

  • Hyponatremia is often caused by excessive fluid intake.

Phosphate Ion Roles

  • Phosphate ions are crucial for energy production, bone formation, and muscle function, but not blood clotting.

Dehydration from Exercise

  • Strenuous exercise in heat can lead to hypovolemia.

Serum Potassium Regulation

  • Serum potassium levels are affected by aldosterone, serum hydrogen ion (H+) levels, and insulin levels.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

  • ANP is secreted by heart muscle cells and helps regulate water and sodium balance.

Carbonic Acid/Bicarbonate Ratio

  • The optimal ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate in blood is 1:20 for balanced serum pH.

Serum pH and Kidney Disease

  • A serum pH of 7.33 in a kidney patient indicates metabolic acidosis (low pH and bicarbonate).

Decompensated Metabolic Acidosis

  • Decompensated metabolic acidosis is recognized by a serum pH below the normal range.

Dehydration Compensation

  • Dehydration triggers increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Hyperventilation and Blood Gases

  • Hyperventilation causes a decrease in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PCO2).

Acid-Base Balance Compensation during Anesthesia

  • Compensation for respiratory depression from anesthesia involves increased hydrogen ion excretion by the kidneys.

Diarrhea and Acid-Base Balance

  • Prolonged diarrhea causes fluid and bicarbonate loss, resulting in metabolic acidosis.

Lactic Acidosis and Serum Bicarbonate

  • Excessive lactic acid accumulation decreases serum bicarbonate levels.

Ketoacidosis Sequence

  • In diabetic ketoacidosis, elevated ketoacids trigger decreased serum pH, bicarbonate, increased respiration, decreased PCO2, and decreased urine pH.

Respiratory Alkalosis Manifestations

  • Respiratory alkalosis can cause increased nervous system irritability.

Vomiting and Acid-Base Balance

  • Initial vomiting leads to metabolic alkalosis.

Alkalosis and Nerve Irritability

  • Alkalosis increases nerve membrane permeability, leading to increased nerve irritability.

Slow Respiration and Carbonic Acid

  • Abnormally slow respirations increase carbonic acid levels.

Emphysema and Acid-Base Balance

  • Impaired expiration in emphysema leads to respiratory acidosis.
  • Compensation for emphysema-related acidosis involves decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.

Extracellular Fluid Cation

  • The primary cation in extracellular fluid is sodium.

Lactic Acid and Serum Bicarbonate

  • Accumulation of lactic acid lowers serum bicarbonate levels.

Ions for Acid-Base Balance

  • Chloride (Cl–) and bicarbonate (HCO3–) are crucial ions for acid-base balance.

Psoriasis Lesions

  • Psoriasis lesions typically begin as red papules that develop into silvery plaques.

Secondary Infections in Pruritic Lesions

  • Secondary infections in pruritic lesions frequently result from entry of resident skin flora while scratching.

Autoimmune Skin Disorder

  • Pemphigus is an autoimmune skin disorder.

Antiviral Drug Effects

  • Antiviral drugs limit the acute stage and viral shedding.

Pediculosis Diagnosis

  • Pediculosis (lice) is diagnosed by identifying nits (lice eggs) at hair shafts.

Malignant Melanoma Characteristics

  • Malignant melanomas develop from melanocytes, exhibit asymmetry, irregular borders, and multiple colors, and are the most aggressive skin cancers—they do not typically present as non-pruritic purplish macules.

Necrotizing Fasciitis Systemic Effects

  • Acute necrotizing fasciitis can cause toxic shock, disorientation, high fever, and elevated blood pressure.

Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Causative Agent

  • Hansen’s disease (leprosy) is caused by a bacterium.

Necrotizing Fasciitis Mortality Factors

  • A delay in initial diagnosis is a major factor increasing mortality rates in necrotizing fasciitis.

Vesicle Definition

  • A vesicle is a raised, thin-walled lesion containing clear fluid.

Type I Hypersensitivity Response

  • Urticaria is a common effect of type I hypersensitivity to ingested substances.

Staphylococcus aureus Infections

  • Furuncles are a common skin lesion caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Tinea Capitis Location

  • Tinea capitis is a fungal infection of the scalp.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma Predisposition

  • The major predisposing factor for squamous cell carcinoma is ultraviolet light exposure.

Kaposi's Sarcoma and Immunosuppression

  • Increased incidence of Kaposi’s sarcoma is linked to increased numbers of immunosuppressed individuals.

Tinea Corporis Lesions

  • Tinea corporis is characterized by an erythematous ring of vesicles with a clear center.

Impetigo Lesions

  • Impetigo lesions typically present as small vesicles that rupture and form a crusty, brown pruritic mass.

Dupuytren’s Contracture

  • Dupuytren’s contracture involves tissue knots in the hand, causing bent fingers.

Avascular Skin Area

  • The epidermis lacks blood vessels and nerves.

Impetigo Contagiousness

  • Impetigo is highly contagious.

Herpes Virus Transmission

  • Herpes virus transmission occurs through direct skin-to-skin contact, sexual contact, and respiratory droplets, not contaminated blood.

Actinic Keratoses

  • Actinic keratoses arise on skin exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

Skin Condition-Location Matching

  • Scabies typically affects fingers, wrists, and waist; psoriasis affects other body locations (not the chest or back).

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in microbiology, including bacterial capsules, retrovirus structure, and factors influencing microbial virulence. It also explores the mechanisms of antibiotics like penicillin and the role of interferons in viral infections. Test your understanding of how these elements relate to human health and disease.

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