Microbiology Overview: Chapters 1-5
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Questions and Answers

What does the acronym STORCH represent in the context of infectious diseases?

  • Surgical techniques, Transmission, Obesity, Reservoir, Carrier, Hepatitis
  • Syphilis, Tetanus, Outbreak, Rashes, Cholera, HIV
  • Sepsis, Tuberculosis, Osteomyelitis, Respiratory infections, Chlorine exposure
  • Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes (correct)

Which of the following areas of the body should typically be sterile?

  • Intestines
  • Mouth
  • Blood (correct)
  • Skin

What is the key difference between immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals?

  • Immunocompetent individuals have no access to healthcare, while immunocompromised do.
  • Immunocompetent individuals are always symptomatic, while immunocompromised are asymptomatic.
  • Immunocompetent individuals can effectively respond to infections, while immunocompromised cannot. (correct)
  • Immunocompetent individuals produce antibodies so that immunocompromised individuals do not.

What defines a virulence factor?

<p>Traits that help a pathogen cause disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern of infection describes a long-lasting infection with intermittent symptoms?

<p>Chronic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a host that carries a pathogen but does not exhibit any symptoms?

<p>Carrier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between mortality rate and morbidity rate?

<p>Mortality rate is the incidence of deaths, while morbidity rate refers to the incidence of illness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common disease is caused by Clostridium perfringens?

<p>Gas gangrene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of shape does Mycoplasma pneumoniae exhibit?

<p>Pleomorphic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Mycoplasma pneumoniae primarily transmitted?

<p>Via respiratory droplets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is a chemical barrier of the first line of defense?

<p>Acidic gastric juices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in the immune response?

<p>Activate adaptive immune responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary lymphoid organs responsible for?

<p>Producing and developing blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the first line of defense?

<p>Neutrophils (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures plays a role in filtering blood and is part of the lymphatic system?

<p>Spleen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a physical barrier of the first line of defense?

<p>Ciliated epithelial cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is acquired through breastmilk from a mother to her baby?

<p>Natural passive immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disease prevented by the first vaccine developed by Edward Jenner?

<p>Smallpox (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines the term 'teratogenic'?

<p>Causes defects in a newborn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease has been eradicated through vaccination efforts?

<p>Smallpox (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a method for acquiring immunity through vaccination?

<p>Artificial active immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is provided by receiving antibodies from another individual?

<p>Artificial passive immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which herpes virus is primarily associated with chickenpox and shingles?

<p>Varicella-zoster virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is not a function of vaccination?

<p>Direct infection with the disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which autoclaves achieve sterilization?

<p>Combination of heat and pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is primarily used for reducing microbial load in beverages?

<p>Pasteurization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dry heat sterilization differ from moist heat sterilization?

<p>Dry heat uses higher temperatures for longer times (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of refrigeration on microbial growth?

<p>It slows down microbial growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation is known to penetrate surfaces and cause breaks in DNA?

<p>Gamma rays (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic effect of non-ionizing radiation on microbial DNA?

<p>Induces thymine dimers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for creating a sterile environment by using a flame?

<p>Flaming an inoculating loop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for methods that inhibit the growth of microorganisms without necessarily killing them?

<p>Microbistatic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is classified as a coliform?

<p>Escherichia coli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection is most commonly associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all individuals?

<p>Lung infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is most likely contracted by individuals working on farms or in slaughterhouses?

<p>Brucella abortus/suis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a classic symptom of Bordetella pertussis infection?

<p>Whoop-like cough (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of condition do pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli cause?

<p>Diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fever pattern associated with Brucella abortus/suis infection?

<p>Wave-like fever (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a Gram-negative bacillus associated with sepsis?

<p>Bordetella pertussis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does EHEC stand for, and what condition can it cause?

<p>Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, hemolytic uremic syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms are caused by Salmonella typhi infection?

<p>Typhoid fever (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Shigella dysenteriae primarily transmitted?

<p>Contaminated water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What toxin is produced by Shigella dysenteriae?

<p>Shiga toxin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir for Yersinia pestis?

<p>Rodents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is caused by Yersinia pestis transmission through flea bites?

<p>Bubonic plague (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before vaccination, what severe condition did Haemophilus influenzae predominantly cause in children?

<p>Meningitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vaccine developed to combat Haemophilus influenzae infections?

<p>Hib vaccine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is not caused by the bacteria mentioned in the content?

<p>Dengue fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Virulence Factor

A substance produced by a microbe that contributes to its ability to cause disease.

Staphylococcus

A group of bacteria that can cause a variety of infections, including skin infections, pneumonia, and food poisoning.

Systemic Infection

A type of infection that affects the entire body, rather than just one specific area.

Streptococcus pyogenes

A bacterium that causes strep throat, scarlet fever, and other infections.

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Zoonotic Infection

A type of infection that spreads from an animal to a human.

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Healthcare-associated Infection (HAI)

An infection that is acquired in a healthcare setting.

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Flaccid Paralysis

A type of paralysis caused by Clostridium botulinum.

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Spastic Paralysis

A type of paralysis caused by Clostridium tetani.

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Autoclave

Uses high pressure steam to sterilize equipment and materials by killing all microorganisms, including spores.

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Pasteurization

A method of sterilization using heat to kill microorganisms, often used for liquids like milk.

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Dry Heat Sterilization

Uses dry heat to sterilize materials, often at high temperatures.

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Refrigeration/Freezing

A physical method of microbial control that uses low temperatures to slow down microbial growth.

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Ionizing Radiation

A type of radiation that can penetrate materials and break DNA, killing microorganisms.

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Non-ionizing Radiation (UV light)

A type of radiation that uses UV light to damage DNA, but can't penetrate surfaces.

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Steam pressure

A physical method of control using high pressure steam.

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Disinfection

A process that reduces the number of viable microbes on a surface to a safe level.

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Facultative Anaerobe

Bacteria that can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen.

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Enteric Bacteria

A type of facultative anaerobe that lives in the intestines and can cause infections. Examples: Escherichia coli, Salmonella.

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Coliform Bacteria

A type of facultative anaerobe that lives in the intestines, often in the colon. Example: Escherichia coli.

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Bordetella pertussis

A type of bacteria that primarily infects the respiratory tract, causing whooping cough. It has two stages the catarrhal stage and the paroxysmal stage.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A type of bacteria that is a common cause of infections in humans and is often associated with cystic fibrosis patients. It can infect healthy people and immunocompromised individuals.

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Brucella Abortus/Suis

A type of bacteria that primarily affects people who work with animals, especially in farms and slaughterhouses. It is characterized by a wave-like fever pattern.

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Sepsis

A life-threatening condition caused by the body's extreme response to infection. Gram-negative bacteria are often associated with sepsis.

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Escherichia coli

A type of bacteria that is normally found in the gastrointestinal tract and can cause various health issues. Pathogenic strains can cause diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and even a deadly condition called Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS).

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Salmonella Typhi Infection

A bacterial infection that causes typhoid fever, a severe illness marked by high fever, headache, and abdominal pain. It's transmitted through contaminated food or water, often due to poor sanitation.

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Shigella dysenteriae Infection

A bacterial infection that causes dysentery, characterized by bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. It's spread through fecal-oral contamination, usually from person-to-person contact.

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Yersinia pestis Infection

A serious bacterial infection that can lead to plague, a life-threatening disease. It's transmitted by the bite of infected fleas that have fed on rodents.

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Haemophilus influenzae

A bacterium that can cause meningitis, a serious infection of the brain and spinal cord membranes. It was a major cause of childhood illness before the Hib vaccine became widely available.

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Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

A bacterial infection that primarily affects the urinary tract, causing painful urination, frequent urination, and a strong urge to urinate.

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Salmonella

A bacterium known for its ability to cause Salmonella infections, including typhoid fever.

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Shigella

A bacterium that causes various infections, including dysentery, characterized by bloody diarrhea.

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Yersinia

A bacterium that causes plague, a deadly disease spread through flea bites from infected rodents.

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What is primary atypical pneumonia?

A type of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It is characterized by a gradual onset of symptoms such as fever, cough, headache, and fatigue.

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What is Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A bacterium that lacks a cell wall, making it resistant to many antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.

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How is Mycoplasma pneumoniae transmitted?

The spread of Mycoplasma pneumoniae occurs through respiratory droplets, typically released when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

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What is a pleomorphic bacterium?

A type of cell that lacks a fixed shape and can change its form.

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What are physical barriers of the first line of defense?

The first line of defense includes barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body. Examples include the skin, mucous membranes, and cilia.

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What are chemical barriers of the first line of defense?

The first line of defense includes substances that kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens. Examples include lysozyme and stomach acid.

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What is a phagocyte?

A type of white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens.

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What is the second line of defense?

The second line of defense is a more general, innate immune response that kicks in when pathogens breach the first line of defense. This line of defense includes inflammation, fever, and phagocytosis.

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Oncogenic Microbe

A microbe that can cause cancer.

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Teratogenic Microbe

A microbe that can cause birth defects in a developing fetus.

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Natural Active Immunity

The process of acquiring immunity through exposure to a pathogen and natural immune response.

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Natural Passive Immunity

The process of acquiring immunity through antibodies passed from mother to baby, typically through breast milk.

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Artificial Active Immunity

The process of acquiring immunity through vaccination, which introduces a weakened or inactive form of the pathogen.

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Artificial Passive Immunity

The process of acquiring immunity through the administration of pre-made antibodies from another source.

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What disease was eradicated by vaccination?

The only disease that has been completely eradicated by vaccination worldwide.

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Herpes Viruses and Diseases

The Herpes family of viruses includes six main types. They cause a range of diseases, including chickenpox, shingles, cold sores, and genital herpes.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1

  • Microbes are organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
  • Microbes are classified as prokaryotes (bacteria), eukaryotes (protozoa, fungi), or acellular (viruses, prions)
  • Key scientists in microbiology include Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, and Carolus Linnaeus
  • WHO and CDC are important global public health organizations
  • Binomial nomenclature is used to classify organisms (genus species)

Chapter 3

  • Microscopes have magnification and resolution
  • Microbes have a negative charge on their surface
  • Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall structure (important in clinical diagnostics), and color
  • Aseptic technique prevents contamination (sterile media use agar)

Chapter 4 & 5

  • Bacteria have various shapes (bacillus, coccus, vibrio, spirochete) and arrangements (streptococcus, staphylococcus, streptobacillus)
  • Bacterial structures like fimbriae and capsules play roles in attachment and protection
  • Bacteria can move with flagella or by Brownian motion

Chapters 6 - Acellular and Nonliving

  • Viruses are acellular, meaning not made of cells
  • Viruses have a capsid (protein coat) and a nucleic acid core
  • Prions are infectious proteins
  • Classification of viruses is based on their nucleic acid type

Chapter 7

  • Microorganisms obtain energy through various mechanisms (photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs)
  • Types of transport mechanisms across cell membranes include simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and osmosis
  • Microorganisms have various adaptations to different environmental conditions (psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, obligate anaerobe, and halophiles)
  • Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that can be beneficial or detrimental

Chapter 8

  • Enzymes are macromolecules that catalyze biochemical reactions in cells ,they have high activation energy
  • NADH and ATP are crucial for energy transfer in cells
  • Bacteria can obtain energy through various processes (aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation)
  • Bacterial growth stages (lag, log, stationary, death)

Chapter 9

  • DNA structure and its role in replication
  • Central Dogma (DNA -> RNA -> protein)
  • Gene expression (transcription and translation)
  • Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria
  • Microbial growth (resident microbes, virulence factors, infection types)

Chapter 13

  • Normal flora (resident microbes) colonize the human body at birth
  • STORCH infections (syphilis, toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes) may cause congenital abnormalities
  • Pathogens cause infectious disease
  • Pathogenicity depends on factors like virulence factors, ability to evade host defense mechanisms
  • Types of infections (systemic, acute, chronic, latent)
  • Immunological considerations (immunocompetence, immunocompromised), pathogens transmission and reservoirs, modes of transmissions (fomites, vectors, etc).

Chapter 18

  • Bacterial morphology and classification (Gram stain, arrangement, catalase test)
  • Bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, various Clostridium spp, Bacillus antracis), diseases, toxins produced, infection mechanisms, diagnostic tools, resistance mechanisms are discussed.
  • Disease identification, diagnosis, and treatment (bacteria are identified based on various characteristics, like shape, arrangement, Gram stain, etc.)

Chapter 19

  • Bacterial genera (Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Listeria) and diseases are discussed.
  • Modes of transmission, infection mechanisms, and virulence factors for diseases caused by the studied bacteria, are mentioned.
  • Diagnostic tools are introduced, and bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents forms a topic of discussion

Chapter 20

  • Antibacterial agents (penicillin, cephalosporin, polymyxins, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, sulfonamides), mechanisms of action, and bacterial drug resistance
  • Antiviral agents are mentioned including Relenza, acyclovir, Harvoni, ART, and remdesivir
  • Antimicrobial resistance and ESKAPE pathogens are discussed.

Chapter 21

  • Bacteria (Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Rickettsia rickettsii, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and their diseases, transmission, symptoms, and diagnostic tools are discussed.
  • Some infections like syphilis, Lyme disease, cholera, campylobacteriosis, ulcers, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and atypical pneumonia are mentioned.

Chapter 22

  • Fungal classification, structures (yeast, hyphae, mycelium), reproduction, thermal dimorphism, and pathogenicity (true/opportunistic pathogens)
  • True fungal pathogens (Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis) with modes of transmission, habitats, and signs of infection are mentioned.
  • Dermatophyte infections (tinea capitis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis), signs, and treatment

Chapter 23

  • Classification of protozoa and helminths as parasites
  • Life cycle of various parasite species (trophozoites/cysts, reproduction).
  • Pathogenic species like Entamoeba histolytica, Naegleria fowleri and other important parasitic species and diseases are included.

Chapter 24

  • Identification of pathogens with diseases caused by herpes, adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, and hepatitis viruses
  • Transmission modes, symptoms, and prevention strategies for diseases mentioned in the chapter, are discussed.

Chapter 25

  • Viral infections (paramyxovirus, rhabdovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, poliovirus), transmission, symptoms, and complications.
  • Important parasitic infections with modes of transmission, diseases, symptoms, and complications are mentioned.

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Description

This quiz covers foundational concepts in microbiology including the classification of microbes, key scientists, and significant techniques such as Gram staining and aseptic methods. It spans Chapters 1 through 5, emphasizing the importance of microbial shape, arrangement, and public health organizations like WHO and CDC.

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