Microbiology Overview: Chapters 1-5

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Questions and Answers

What does the acronym STORCH represent in the context of infectious diseases?

Surgical techniques, Transmission, Obesity, Reservoir, Carrier, Hepatitis

Syphilis, Tetanus, Outbreak, Rashes, Cholera, HIV

Sepsis, Tuberculosis, Osteomyelitis, Respiratory infections, Chlorine exposure

Syphilis, Toxoplasmosis, Other, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes (correct)

Which of the following areas of the body should typically be sterile?

Intestines

Mouth

Blood (correct)

Skin

What is the key difference between immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals?

Immunocompetent individuals have no access to healthcare, while immunocompromised do.

Immunocompetent individuals are always symptomatic, while immunocompromised are asymptomatic.

Immunocompetent individuals can effectively respond to infections, while immunocompromised cannot. (correct)

Immunocompetent individuals produce antibodies so that immunocompromised individuals do not.

What defines a virulence factor?

Traits that help a pathogen cause disease. Signup and view all the answers

Which pattern of infection describes a long-lasting infection with intermittent symptoms?

Chronic Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a host that carries a pathogen but does not exhibit any symptoms?

Carrier Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between mortality rate and morbidity rate?

Mortality rate is the incidence of deaths, while morbidity rate refers to the incidence of illness. Signup and view all the answers

What common disease is caused by Clostridium perfringens?

Gas gangrene Signup and view all the answers

What kind of shape does Mycoplasma pneumoniae exhibit?

Pleomorphic Signup and view all the answers

How is Mycoplasma pneumoniae primarily transmitted?

Via respiratory droplets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is a chemical barrier of the first line of defense?

Acidic gastric juices Signup and view all the answers

What role do macrophages play in the immune response?

Activate adaptive immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary lymphoid organs responsible for?

Producing and developing blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the first line of defense?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures plays a role in filtering blood and is part of the lymphatic system?

Spleen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a physical barrier of the first line of defense?

Ciliated epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is acquired through breastmilk from a mother to her baby?

Natural passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary disease prevented by the first vaccine developed by Edward Jenner?

Smallpox Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines the term 'teratogenic'?

Causes defects in a newborn Signup and view all the answers

Which disease has been eradicated through vaccination efforts?

Smallpox Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a method for acquiring immunity through vaccination?

Artificial active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is provided by receiving antibodies from another individual?

Artificial passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which herpes virus is primarily associated with chickenpox and shingles?

Varicella-zoster virus Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following is not a function of vaccination?

Direct infection with the disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which autoclaves achieve sterilization?

Combination of heat and pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is primarily used for reducing microbial load in beverages?

Pasteurization Signup and view all the answers

How does dry heat sterilization differ from moist heat sterilization?

Dry heat uses higher temperatures for longer times Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of refrigeration on microbial growth?

It slows down microbial growth Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation is known to penetrate surfaces and cause breaks in DNA?

Gamma rays Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic effect of non-ionizing radiation on microbial DNA?

Induces thymine dimers Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for creating a sterile environment by using a flame?

Flaming an inoculating loop Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for methods that inhibit the growth of microorganisms without necessarily killing them?

Microbistatic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is classified as a coliform?

Escherichia coli Signup and view all the answers

What type of infection is most commonly associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in all individuals?

Lung infections Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is most likely contracted by individuals working on farms or in slaughterhouses?

Brucella abortus/suis Signup and view all the answers

What is a classic symptom of Bordetella pertussis infection?

Whoop-like cough Signup and view all the answers

Which type of condition do pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli cause?

Diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the fever pattern associated with Brucella abortus/suis infection?

Wave-like fever Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a Gram-negative bacillus associated with sepsis?

Bordetella pertussis Signup and view all the answers

What does EHEC stand for, and what condition can it cause?

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, hemolytic uremic syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What type of symptoms are caused by Salmonella typhi infection?

Typhoid fever Signup and view all the answers

How is Shigella dysenteriae primarily transmitted?

Contaminated water Signup and view all the answers

What toxin is produced by Shigella dysenteriae?

Shiga toxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir for Yersinia pestis?

Rodents Signup and view all the answers

What disease is caused by Yersinia pestis transmission through flea bites?

Bubonic plague Signup and view all the answers

Before vaccination, what severe condition did Haemophilus influenzae predominantly cause in children?

Meningitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vaccine developed to combat Haemophilus influenzae infections?

Hib vaccine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is not caused by the bacteria mentioned in the content?

Dengue fever Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1

Microbes are organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
Microbes are classified as prokaryotes (bacteria), eukaryotes (protozoa, fungi), or acellular (viruses, prions)
Key scientists in microbiology include Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, and Carolus Linnaeus
WHO and CDC are important global public health organizations
Binomial nomenclature is used to classify organisms (genus species)

Chapter 3

Microscopes have magnification and resolution
Microbes have a negative charge on their surface
Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on their cell wall structure (important in clinical diagnostics), and color
Aseptic technique prevents contamination (sterile media use agar)

Chapter 4 & 5

Bacteria have various shapes (bacillus, coccus, vibrio, spirochete) and arrangements (streptococcus, staphylococcus, streptobacillus)
Bacterial structures like fimbriae and capsules play roles in attachment and protection
Bacteria can move with flagella or by Brownian motion

Chapters 6 - Acellular and Nonliving

Viruses are acellular, meaning not made of cells
Viruses have a capsid (protein coat) and a nucleic acid core
Prions are infectious proteins
Classification of viruses is based on their nucleic acid type

Chapter 7

Microorganisms obtain energy through various mechanisms (photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoheterotrophs)
Types of transport mechanisms across cell membranes include simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and osmosis
Microorganisms have various adaptations to different environmental conditions (psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, obligate anaerobe, and halophiles)
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that can be beneficial or detrimental

Chapter 8

Enzymes are macromolecules that catalyze biochemical reactions in cells ,they have high activation energy
NADH and ATP are crucial for energy transfer in cells
Bacteria can obtain energy through various processes (aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation)
Bacterial growth stages (lag, log, stationary, death)

Chapter 9

DNA structure and its role in replication
Central Dogma (DNA -> RNA -> protein)
Gene expression (transcription and translation)
Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria
Microbial growth (resident microbes, virulence factors, infection types)

Chapter 13

Normal flora (resident microbes) colonize the human body at birth
STORCH infections (syphilis, toxoplasmosis, other, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes) may cause congenital abnormalities
Pathogens cause infectious disease
Pathogenicity depends on factors like virulence factors, ability to evade host defense mechanisms
Types of infections (systemic, acute, chronic, latent)
Immunological considerations (immunocompetence, immunocompromised), pathogens transmission and reservoirs, modes of transmissions (fomites, vectors, etc).

Chapter 18

Bacterial morphology and classification (Gram stain, arrangement, catalase test)
Bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, various Clostridium spp, Bacillus antracis), diseases, toxins produced, infection mechanisms, diagnostic tools, resistance mechanisms are discussed.
Disease identification, diagnosis, and treatment (bacteria are identified based on various characteristics, like shape, arrangement, Gram stain, etc.)

Chapter 19

Bacterial genera (Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Listeria) and diseases are discussed.
Modes of transmission, infection mechanisms, and virulence factors for diseases caused by the studied bacteria, are mentioned.
Diagnostic tools are introduced, and bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents forms a topic of discussion

Chapter 20

Antibacterial agents (penicillin, cephalosporin, polymyxins, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, sulfonamides), mechanisms of action, and bacterial drug resistance
Antiviral agents are mentioned including Relenza, acyclovir, Harvoni, ART, and remdesivir
Antimicrobial resistance and ESKAPE pathogens are discussed.

Chapter 21

Bacteria (Treponema pallidum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Rickettsia rickettsii, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae) and their diseases, transmission, symptoms, and diagnostic tools are discussed.
Some infections like syphilis, Lyme disease, cholera, campylobacteriosis, ulcers, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and atypical pneumonia are mentioned.

Chapter 22

Fungal classification, structures (yeast, hyphae, mycelium), reproduction, thermal dimorphism, and pathogenicity (true/opportunistic pathogens)
True fungal pathogens (Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis) with modes of transmission, habitats, and signs of infection are mentioned.
Dermatophyte infections (tinea capitis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis), signs, and treatment

Chapter 23

Classification of protozoa and helminths as parasites
Life cycle of various parasite species (trophozoites/cysts, reproduction).
Pathogenic species like Entamoeba histolytica, Naegleria fowleri and other important parasitic species and diseases are included.

Chapter 24

Identification of pathogens with diseases caused by herpes, adenovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, and hepatitis viruses
Transmission modes, symptoms, and prevention strategies for diseases mentioned in the chapter, are discussed.

Chapter 25

Viral infections (paramyxovirus, rhabdovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, poliovirus), transmission, symptoms, and complications.
Important parasitic infections with modes of transmission, diseases, symptoms, and complications are mentioned.

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Description

This quiz covers foundational concepts in microbiology including the classification of microbes, key scientists, and significant techniques such as Gram staining and aseptic methods. It spans Chapters 1 through 5, emphasizing the importance of microbial shape, arrangement, and public health organizations like WHO and CDC.