Eukaryotic Pathogen Checklist PDF

Final Checklist: Lecture Exam 1 immune study Chapter 1: system 1. What is a microbe/microorganism? What is immunology?...

Final Checklist: Lecture Exam 1 immune study Chapter 1: system 1. What is a microbe/microorganism? What is immunology? Epidemiology? studyof the is 2. Be able to classify the microbes: bacteria, viruses, prions, fungi, protozoa, and helminths (worms) as cellular prokaryotes, cellular eukaryotes, and acellular. Know which of the cellular microorganisms are unicellular and which are multicellular. : mari acellular acellular enkany eukary 3. Know the contribution made by these scientists: Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur (swan-neck flask experiment), Robert Koch, Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, and Carolus Linnaeus 4. What is WHO? CDC? 5. Know the taxonomical groupings and how to write organism names in binomial nomenclature. m Chapter 3: 1. What are the two properties of a microscope and what do they do? 2. What is the charge on the outside of a microbe? What is the difference between a negative and positive bacteria is stain? clear & 3. What type of stain is the Gram stain? Why is it clinically important? t 4. What is aseptic technique? * 5. What is sterile? 6. What is added to media to make it solid? What are examples of these media: general purpose, enriched, selective, and differential. Chapter 4&5: 1. Know the bacterial shapes bacillus, coccus, vibrio, and spirochete. 2. Know the bacterial arrangements: streptococcus, staphylococcus, and streptobacillus 3. Know the purpose of these bacterial structures: nucleoid region, ribosomes, cell membrane, cell wall, fimbriae, capsule 4. What structure Is used for movement? Know how bacteria move with or without this structure. 1 5. What is the difference in structure for gram positive and gram negative bacteria? What color does each stain in a Gram stain? 6. What is the difference between a vegetative cell and an endospore? 7. Know the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Table from Chapter 5). Chapters 6 1. How is a virus classified and is it living? Know the general structure of a naked and enveloped virus. 2. What is a prion? What type of diseases does it cause? Chapter 7: 1. Know the differences between photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs (carbon source and energy source). 2. Understand the difference transport mechanisms: active transport, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis. 3. What are psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles, obligate aerobe, facultative anaerobe, obligate anaerobe and halophiles? Which ONE of these is most likely found in necrotic tissue? 4. What structure does a bacteria need to have to form a biofilm? Know the examples of biofilms that are beneficial and detrimental in the human body covered in the review. What advantages do bacteria have if they can form a biofilm? 5. What are the stages of bacterial growth? Chapter 8: 1. What type of macromolecule are enzymes, what do they do, how do they work, and how does denaturation pertain to them? 2. What is the purpose of NADH in the cell? What is the function of ATP in the cell? 3. What are the three processes bacteria use to turn food into energy? Which are used by obligate aerobes? By facultative anaerobes? 4. Understand what happens in the stages of aerobic cellular respiration: glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport system and ATP synthase. What is the final amount of ATP made? 5. What is the main difference between anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration? 6. Which process in fermentation is the same as in aerobic cellular respiration? How much ATP is made? 2  Final Checklist: Lecture Exam 2 Chapter 9: 1. What important contribution did Watson and Crick make in the study of DNA? Rosalind Franklin? 2. Describe the structure of DNA. 3. What are the starting and ending molecules of replication? Given a DNA sequence be able to write the product after replication (a correct DNA sequence). 4. Know the purpose of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA for gene expression. 5. What is the starting molecule and the final product of transcription? Translation? 6. Be able to write a mRNA sequence obtained from a template strand of DNA after transcription. 7. What is it called if DNA changes? What might happen to the protein and the organism? 8. Understand what horizontal gene transfer is and what it does for bacteria. Chapter 13: 1. What are resident microbes(normal flora)? When do they start colonizing a human? 2. Know generally what the acronym STORCH helps you learn. 3. Which areas of the body have resident microbes? Which areas of the body should be sterile? 4. Define pathogen and infectious disease. 5. What is the difference between immunocompetent and immunocompromised? Which groups of people are considered immunocompromised? 6. What is a virulence factor? 7. What are the four stages of the course of clinical infection and understand what happens in each? 8. Know the patterns of infection: systemic, acute, chronic, and latent 9. Know the difference between a sign and a symptom of an infection 10. For transmission of pathogen, know the terms: reservoir, carrier, asymptomatic carrier, fomite 11. Know the difference between mortality rate and morbidity rate. 12. Know the difference between endemic, epidemic and pandemic. 13. Who is more likely to obtain a zoonotic infection? What are HAIs? SPs?  Chapter 18: 1. What are the similarities and differences between Staphylococcus species and Streptococcus species regarding shape, Gram stain, arrangement, and catalase test? 2. What is the shape and Gram result of Neisseria? 3. For Staphylococcus aureus: Where does it reside in humans as normal flora? Where do localized infections occur? Where else in the body can it cause infection? What are the three toxins it produces? 4. How can Streptococcal species be differentiated on a BAP? 5. For Streptococcus pyogenes: Know it is also known as GAS. Where do localized infections occur in the body? Know the virulence factor and the systemic infection it causes. Know which organs are affected due to the sequalae of strep throat. 6. What is MRSA? What is VRE? 7. Know the genus that comprise the Viridans group, where they reside, and the disease they cause. 8. What are the four infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae? 9. What are the two diseases caused by bacteria in genus Neisseria? What are the symptoms of gonorrhea? Chapter 19 1. For the genus Bacillus and Clostridium, know their Gram result and the protective structure they can form in unfavorable environments. 2. Which genus of gram-positive bacilli is acid fast positive? 3. For Bacillus anthracis: what are the three forms of anthrax? 4. For Clostridium perfringens: Which disease does it cause? How is it treated? 5. For Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum: know for each the disease and the type of paralysis that results. 6. Know what condition is caused by Clostridiodes difficile and why this condition happens. 7. What is the virulence factor of Listeria monocytogenes? Which population is most at risk if infected with this pathogen? 8. Which disease is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae? What type of virulence factor does it have? 9. What virulence factor makes species from the genus Mycobacterium acid fast positive? 10. Which disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which organ is first infected, and what are the stages and corresponding symptoms of the disease? 11. Which disease is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and which two parts of the body are damaged? 12. Know which diseases are protected by the DTP vaccine.  & Final Checklist: Lecture Exam 3 Chapter 11: endospores Vegetative es & * 1. Know which form of a bacterium is the hardest to control and which is the easiest. 2. Define: sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, sanitization, degermation emewe moves reseasoning removes relativedebris 3. For these physical methods of control using temperature know level of control: autoclave (how it works), stillization ussing heat , steampressuremost pasteurization disinfection (why it is used), dry heat sterilization (examples), refrigeration/freezing (how it works) beverages on shelk life to increase sterilization ,flaming an inoculating loop microbistatic = slows growth 4. For physical methods of microbial control involving radiation, know for ionizing and non-ionizing radiation: · gama rays/Xrays breaks in DNA ; penetrates · I · · OU light thymine dimers ; does not penetrate examples of each, how each mutate DNA, and which penetrates surfaces (packaged items) 5. For filtration, know the type of filter used to disinfect air. HEPA 6. Know the use of these chemical methods: chlorine, iodine, chlorhexidine, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide, chlorine dioxide, and quaternary ammonium salts? iodine antiseptic : on skin prior ethylthe oxide : Glutaraldehyde : Quteranc ammonium salts : for we came stintotivincauime like endoscopes or DisinfectforoverIt is dialysis equipment Chrnnedioxide wholeo r so ganiters or S cleaning lab Chapter 12: benches a natural drug obtained t a Romanemicanism 1. What are antibiotics? Who isolated the first one and what was it? Alexander Fleming Penicillin 2. What is the difference between a broad spectrum and narrow spectrum drug? amaeffectiveagainst 3. What does it mean for an antimicrobial to be selectivelydeffective against the toxic? microbes arug tha kills microorganisms but has no adverse reaction in humans 4. Know the mode of action for the following antibacterials: penicillin, cephalosporin, polymyxins, ciprofloxacin, cell wall all wall all DNA tetracycline, and sulfonamides membrane replication translation at prevents folic DR SC the vinosome acid synthesis Eventerococcus Elescherichia coli 5. Name the disease treated by these antivirals: Relenza, acyclovir, Harvoni, ART, remdesivir S = Staphylococcus Salmonella influenza S = herpes Hepatitis C H Coub-l I Klebsiellg = & K 6. What is ESKAPE and acronym for, and which bacteria does each letter stand for? me * Aintobar as brug resistance a Sepsis Causing bactria enterobacter E = T 7. Which two organs are most likely to show toxicity due to drugs? Which drug is most likely to lead to allergic reaction? kidney liver penicillin 8. What is the test that determines the best antibiotic to use to treat a particular infection/pathogen? disc 9. What is the therapeutic index? Kirby-Bauer amount of toxic diffusion test to the ratio of the drug that will relative to the amount a human kill a pathogen Chapter 20 1. Know the difference between coliform and noncoliform; between enteric and nonenteric. Coliform = gram negative bacteria that ferment lactose Enteric bacteria that live in the intestine (colon) =  2. For the following bacteria know if they are aerobes or facultative anaerobes. If they are facultative anaerobes, know which is the coliform and which are enteric: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Brucella abortus/suis, Bordetella · acrobe · derobe , acrobe pertussis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi anaerobe facultative anaerobee · Facultative · coliform · enterl · enteric 3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Where does infection occur in all people (healthy as well as skin immunocompromised)? In cystic fibrosis patients? lungs 4. Brucella abortus/suis: Who is most likely to contract this disease? What is the fever pattern associated with people who work on farms or wave-like fever this infection? in slaughter houses 5. Bordetella pertussis: What disease, the two stages and a classic symptom. & catarrhal stage/respiratory ↓ pertussis ②paroxysmal - whoop-like coughs 6. Know what sepsis is, how gram negative bacilli cause it, and which Gram negative bacilli are prevalent causes. 7. Escherichia coli: What type of condition do pathogenic strains cause? What is EHEC and what condition uremic dihama Stain hemolytic syndrome can it cause? Escherichia coli that is normal flora is the #1 cause of what type of infection? urinary tract infections (UTII oral fecal 8. Salmonella typhi and Salmonella entericiae: What kind of diseases/symptoms and how is it transmitted ① contamination typhoid fever/dinara sepsis/dinance 9. Shigella dysenteriae: What is disease/symptoms and how is it transmitted? What is the toxin it makes and ② Leggs & poultry dinarea/nemolytic syndrome uremic water (fecal) Shiga toxin what disease does this cause? o 10. Yersinia pestis: What is the reservoir, how is it transmitted, and resulting disease? rodents flea bite plague (bubonic · Pneumonic e 11. Haemophilus influenzae: Which diseases are the Haemophilus influenzae invasive diseases? What did it Je cause in children before vaccination? What is the name of the vaccine? obehingifts & meningitis His vaccine · premmons Chapter 21: · sepsis , hadas ① primary chancers 1. Know which bacteria listed below are the spirochetes. - ② secondary rash : ③ tertiary Gammas : (tumors 2. Treponema pallidum: Know transmission, diseases, and three stages of disease with symptoms. neurological Sexual contact Suphillis 3. Borrelia burgdorferi: Know how transmitted, disease, classic sign of this disease, and symptoms if chronic tick bitt lymisease bullseyerash at pise severe fatigue · 4. Vibrio cholerae: Know how transmitted, type of disease, and treatment mental confusion · contaminated water cauIra(dinarea) ORT oral rehydration everapy = 5. Campylobacter jejuni: Know how transmitted, and disease under cooked poultry bacterial gastroenteritis 6. Helicobacter pylori: Know disease, and what can happen in chronic conditions gastritis Stomachulcer : Stomach cancer · 7. Rickettsia ricketsii: Know how transmitted, disease and symptoms tick bite Rocky mountain sported fever-rashlar damage 8. Chlamydia trachomatis: Know type of disease, how transmitted, symptoms, and complications sexual contact (stp) dischargeCarema infertility dimin Chlamydia or a 9. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: Know unique morphology, how transmitted, disease no cell wall respiratory & droplets pleomorphic primary atypical vary" in shape pneumonia  & Final Checklist: Lecture Exam 4 Chapter 14: 1. Be able to classify as physical or chemical barriers of the first line of defense: ciliated epithelial cells, acidic gastric juices, mucous membranes, blood brain barrier, lysozyme, skin (keratin). physical chemical physical physical chemical physical 2. Know the role of the following cells: neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells SitenonmethminPhagyatanphagtatial anantea adaptive immune response 3. What are the primary lymphoid organs and their roles? Secondary lymphoid organs? What is the spleen and filthed from bone marrowd thymes blood cellsare ~ lymph nodes · pathogens · the lymph nodes roles in the immune system? formed lympe sprech Blymphocytes Wea · use filled from 4. What are the four items that are part of the second line of defense? pathogens · blood Inflammation Phagocytosis, Interferon , complement Binding=PbnMP , ① 5. What are the stages of acute inflammation? vascular changes , edemaswelling) resolution , scar formation - & Ingestion phagosymes fuse = , 6. What are the steps in phagocytosis and what is happening during each step? ③ Phagolysosome lysosomes formation = fo 7. What type of pathogen does interferon defend against? ① Destruction Viral infections ⑤ Excretion 8. How does the complement system aid in the immune response (3 ways)? Define opsonization. ↓ kills pathogens through formation of MAC bang of a pathogen attract white blood cells to Je membrane attack complex Chapter 15: 1. Understand the characteristics of adaptive immunity that are NOT part of innate immunity. & targets one pathogen Econfers Protection from past pathogens 2. What is clonal deletion and what does it protect against? - > autoimmune disease removal of lymphocytes from the body if they recognize human (self cells) 3. The dendritic cell is part of the innate immune system. What is its role in the adaptive immune system? Phagoeste that is also an antigen presenting cell , linking the innate to 4. In adaptive immunity what is the role of the antigen, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, B lymphocytes, and helper T cells StimothumBymphyesaplasma : antigen = Plasma cells : plasma cells? th pathogen a of a Bell and as a part phocytes of the formed from cell and seretes antibodies and adaptive immunity cells to get rid pathogen 5. Understand the following ways antibodies function: agglutination, neutralization, and opsonization and attracts Clumps together the - binds pata & wats pathogens pathogen making them ineffective , to where phagocytes to kill the pathogen 6. Which antibody is most prevalent in body fluids and can cross the placenta? Which antibody is found at long term-EgG membrane surfaces and in breastmilk, so protects the newborn? Which antibody is the first made? Ig A IgM 7. What is the difference between an antibody’s first exposure with an antigen and the second exposure? pathogen · quite longe a 8. How can immunity be acquired through these methods: natural active immunity, natural passive immunity, contactingpathogen protection of baby when getting · a artificial passive immunity, and artificial active immunity? the breastmilk from motie vaccination 9. Who developed the first vaccine and what disease does it protect us from? Edward Jenner smallpox/variola 1  Chapter 24 microbe that causes cancer ganything including a causes defects in a newborn a microbe that 1. Define oncogenic, teratogenic. > - anything including ⑧ varicella-zuster vines and · chicken pox shingles 2. Which disease has been eradicated by vaccination? Ecytomegalovirus small pox ·Severeteratogenia ③Herpes simplex virus 1 3. Know the Herpes viruses (6 we covered) and the diseases they cause. Which is an STD? Understand the cold fever · sores or blisters mouth in the progression of the Varicella-Zoster virus. ④ Herpes simplex virus 2 Chickenpox-latency comes back as shingles = genital neupes STD · 4. Know what type of growth is common to human papilloma viruses. What is the concern with genital warts⑨ Human · warts Herpesins and how infection with this virus be prevented? SIDd Cancer roseula ⑯ Epstein-Barr vines · Gard S Coenical) Vaccine- infectious mononuleosis · Chapter 24 & Chapter 25 = DNA Adenovirus * Rhinovirus 2 1. Which three viruses (1 from Ch 24 and 2 from Ch 25) cause the common cold? Coronavirus sRNA 2. For the hepatitis viruses: which has a DNA genome? Which is contracted through food and water? Which are Hepatitis B Hepatitis A prevented through vaccination? Which is most likely a chronic infection? Which causes chronic liver disease Hepatis AdB Hepatitis C Hepatitis B in the newborn if the mother is infected during pregnancy? What is the characteristic symptom of hepatitis? 3. Make sure you know what the letters for STORCH stand for. S Syphilis = T = toxoplasmosis B , HIV O = other Chickenpox hep ,. R = rubella Chapter 25: C = cytomeglovines 2 virus H = herpes Simplex 1. What is the structure of the orthomyxovirus, what disease does it cause and why is it hard to develop a vaccine for it? envelope segmented genome infuenza to deep made yearly harder : , bestrains of new 1. Know - the infection due to: paramyxovirus, RSV, coronavirus, rhabdovirus, rotavirus, norovirus, viral gastroentit and rating premoniaddeath neurologicisms on mumpspe poliovirus. Which population is most affected in an RSV infection and what is the issue? For rabies, paralysis babies / fodders-life threatening preumonia how is it transmitted, which system is infected in rabies, and how does the disease progress? For polio, how were children affected, and how it is prevented? measles german measles 2. Know the difference between rubeola and rubella as for the virus and common name. What are the symptoms of rubeola? What can happen in a pregnancy if a woman contracts rubella? high fever I · miscarriage , defects newborn rash 3. Know which diseases are prevented by the MMR vaccine. measles (mpeola) , mumps , rubella (german measies) 4. What are the three arboviruses covered, and how are they transmitted? - >mosquito westhile Virus , dengue ferer vinus , Zika virus bite 5. Which enzyme does HIV have needed for it to replicate? What cell type does HIV infect? What is the reverse transcriptase helper +cells progression of HIV infection? Which body system is compromised in AIDS? · cicule - flus symp, immure system · asymptomatic 2 · aids-defining illness  Biology 2320- Microbiology Eukaryotic Pathogen Checklist: Chapters 22, & 23 Chapter 22 – The Fungi of Medical Importance anelong 1. Which microorganisms are found in domain eukarya? filamentous well & 2. Understand the different body forms of fungi: yeast, hypha, and mycelium (mold). joined together A 3. Know the difference in reproduction between yeast and mycelium. -a sexually on sixually 4. What is a mycosis? budding 5. What is thermal dimorphism?alternates btwn multi-dunicely a. What is the body form of the fungal species below 30oC? mycelium o b. What is the body form of the fungal species at 37 C (human body temperature)? yeast c. Do true or opportunistic fungal pathogens exhibit thermal dimorphism? true 6. Understand the similarities and differences in characteristics of true versus opportunistic Hemadimummm fungal pathogens (chart in video/class) the 7. For true fungal pathogens: · reside in soil · endemic a. Be able to identify the four species of true fungal pathogens. Know where they dermalitis : are endemic/soil conditions. Histoplasma capsulateeastern us Blastomyasmidwest coccidioses immitis : southwest US b. What is a common mechanism of transmission for true fungal pathogens? parcoccidided brasiensis : inhale spores c. Generally, know the type of infection caused by true fungal pathogens and how central 9 sont america it can progress. yeast in lungs - blood - systemic 8. For the fungal pathogens of intermediate virulence: a. Know the part of the body (and layers) where infection occurs. superficial epidemic ,subcutaneous b. For Sporothrix schenckii: know , the disease it causes, how it is transmitted, and which layer of the skin infection occurs. Rose gardeners disease brick or a cut subcutaneous c. For the dermatophytes: i. Understand what the term dermatophytes refers to and the layer of skin infection occurs. 3 genera , epidermis ii. Why do live in this layer (what they eat)? Keratin iii. What kind of environment do they prefer? moist (shower iv. What is ringworm? finea Capitis faces or barbac corporis v. What infection do they cause? Know what part of the body is infected in: ringworm tinea capitis, tinea cruris, tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea barbae, tinea hed hair unguium, tinea manuum. feet stomach beard pointer fingers hands vi. How can these infections be treated? d. For tinea versicolor: which layer of the skin is infection? What are the symptoms. superficial e. For Piedra: where is the infection and what are the symptoms? hair growth  ①Candid albicans ② Cryptococcus neoformans 9. For the opportunistic fungal pathogens: ③ Pneumocystiai a. Be able to recognize the four species that are the opportunists. Which is ① responsible for the most nosocomial infections? Candida Aspergillua Albicans b. For Candida albicans: know the three localized infections covered and the general appearance of growth. Oral thrush · rash vaginal yeastinfection diaper - whitish/pasty growth · · c. For Cryptococcus neoformans: know the initial infection and what it can progress to respiratory e blood e brain t > death meningitis - d. For Pneumocystis jiroveci: know the population most affected, the disease, and final result in this population immunocompromised AIDS "rare" preumoniae death e. For Aspergillus fumigatus: know sites of infection, what it forms in the lungs, and what happens if it disseminates sin Fungal ball respiratory death Chapter 23 – The Parasites of Medical Importance Protozoa - Helminths 1. Know which two types of eukaryotic microorganisms are classified as parasites. 2. For protozoa, what is the difference between trophozoites and cysts? - > dormant 3. Know how protozoa are classified. parasites ↳ feeding/growing may reproduce stage 4. Be able to recognize the following as pathogenic protozoa and know: a. Entamoeba histolytica: know transmission, disease, symptoms, and complication food · GI bloody dinama perforation of SI · water (feces) b. Naegleria fowleri: know transmission, disease, and progression. noseluswimming CNS death c. Acanthamoeba: know most common site of injurty eyes swimming when d. Balantidium coli: know type of infection GI hikers e. Trichomonas vaginalis: know disease and symptoms n women Trichomotasis vaginal dischase fo f. Giardia lamblia: know reservoir, transmission, who is most likely affected, -begets bedink natural water disease (nickname), and symptoms bearer fearer diahrerea gas , g. Trypanosoma brucei: know transmission, disease, symptoms, and where this disease is endemic + se-tse fy bise African & sleep : africa sleeping sickness disturbances h. Plasmodium malariae: know transmission, disease, what happens to red blood cells, and symptoms mosquito bile malaria rupters = aremia chills - fever-sweating cyclt i. Toxoplasma gondii: know transmission and effects on fetus/neonate if a pregnant woman is infected cat feces toxoplasmoses miscarry = , still birth j. Cryptosporidium parvum: know transmission and type of infection Food , water GI 5. For helminths, know the difference in body type between nematodes, trematodes round worm (flukes), and cestodes. 6. Understand the basic lifecycle (3 stages) of a helminth. adult 2 7. What is a hermaphrodite? both male and female g egg large sex organs 8. Be able to recognize the following as pathogenic helminths and know: a. Ascaris lumbricoides: know it is the cause of most worm infections worldwide, how it is transmitted, and site of infection food/water small intestine b. Trichuris trichiura: Know common name, transmission, body site of infection, symptoms, and complication. whipworm food/water colon dysentery rectal prolapse c. Enterobius vermicularis: Know common name, transmission, where the female Pinworm food/water fomites lays eggs, and what irritation this causes. Which population is most affected? bottom Itchy bust children d. Necator americanus: Know common name, transmission, body site of infection, and symptoms. hookworm larva enters small intestine foot bloody dinamea aremia - e. Trichinella spiralis: Know transmission, site of infection, and symptoms infected pork muscle muscles joint pain f. Wuchereria bancrofti: Know transmission, site of infection, and symptoms mosquito bile lymphatic system elephanties g. Schistosoma: Know this fluke has a complex life cycle that includes which blockaged suding aquatic organism? When transmission occurs in humans, know which organ is snail initially affected and what it can lead to. Where do adults migrate to and what do they feed on? liver - blood fases blood tapeworm infected beef intestinal wall h. Taenia saginata: Know common name, transmission, and where adults attach. Which structures are used for attachment? Why are they hermaphrodites? hooks sukers most are asymptomatic