Questions and Answers
What type of microorganisms inhabit the skin and mucous membrane for a short period of time?
Transient flora
Which type of normal flora does not cause harm or disease?
Commensal microflora
What is the approximate ratio of normal flora to body cells in a human body?
10:1 (normal flora to body cells)
Where are normal flora typically found in the human body?
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Which type of microflora is involved in breaking down complex polysaccharides in the large intestine?
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What type of microflora can cause disease if an opportunity arises?
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Where is Escherichia coli usually found in the human body?
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What is the benefit of the iron found in Porphyra?
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What is Lactobacillus found in, aside from the human body?
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What is a benefit of Porphyra's nutrient combination?
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What can happen when Escherichia coli is found in the urinary tract?
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What is nori, a form of Porphyra, commonly used for?
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What is the primary requirement for a pathogenic microorganism to cause disease?
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What is the primary function of resident flora in the skin and mucous membrane?
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What is the result of a disruption in the balance of normal flora in the body?
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What is the characteristic of internal organs in a healthy individual?
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What is the primary mechanism by which parasitic helminths interact with their hosts?
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What is the primary requirement for a parasite to complete its life cycle?
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Study Notes
Good Microorganisms
- Escherichia coli is a normal flora of the GI tract, but can cause disease when found in other parts of the body, such as in the urinary tract, leading to UTI.
- Porphyra Microbial Group, a type of red algae, provides antioxidant properties, supports immune health, and maintains healthy blood pressure due to its rich content of proteins, carbohydrates, and micronutrients.
- Lactobacillus (Lactobacillus acidophillus) is a probiotic that aids digestion and general health, existing naturally in the body and in fermented foods, and helps protect against harmful germs.
Normal Flora Characteristics
- Normal flora does not cause harm or disease in healthy individuals.
- Normal flora is abundant, with approximately 10 times more normal flora cells in the human body than body cells.
- All normal flora are found externally, on the skin, eyes, nose, oral fissure, throat, lower part of urethra, and large intestine, but never on internal organs.
Types of Normal Flora
- Commensal microflora is the most abundant type, having no benefits or harm to the host, e.g., Staphylococcus epidermidis.
- Mutualistic microflora, such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, provides benefits to the host and receives benefits from the host, e.g., breaking down complex polysaccharides in the large intestine.
- Opportunistic microflora is typically commensal but can cause disease if an opportunity arises.
Pathogenic Microorganisms and Parasitic Helminths
- Pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, can cause disease in a host by colonizing, finding a nutritionally compatible niche, avoiding or subverting the host's immune responses, replicating, and exiting to spread to a new host.
- Parasitic helminths, such as nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, and monogenans, are parasitic worms that feed on a living host.
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