Microbiology of Gut Normal Flora
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following microorganisms is not typically part of the normal GI flora?

  • Clostridium difficile
  • Bifidobacterium spp.
  • Enterococcus faecalis
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa (correct)

What is the primary characteristic of diarrhea?

  • Stools with blood or mucus
  • Defecation more frequent than what is normal for an individual (correct)
  • Abdominal pain without fever
  • Passage of three or more loose stools in 48 hours

Which viral agent is commonly associated with food poisoning?

  • Hepatitis A virus
  • Norovirus (correct)
  • Influenza virus
  • Rotavirus

What is the primary purpose of antimicrobial materials produced by Bifidobacterium spp.?

<p>To inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms is commonly associated with acute diarrhea?

<p>Clostridium difficile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of symptoms for acute diarrhea?

<p>Less than 14 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between non-cell-invasive and cell-invasive diarrheal pathogens?

<p>The depth of intestinal invasion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following toxins is typically produced by bacteria present in food?

<p>Intrinsic toxin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for Vibrio cholerae?

<p>Faecal-oral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is most commonly associated with Campylobacter food poisoning?

<p>Chicken (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Dr. Snow's discovery and the subsequent Public Health Acts?

<p>The ridding of slums and requirement for private houses to have WCs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between exotoxic and enterotoxic poisoning?

<p>The duration of symptoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is responsible for the most common form of dysentery in the UK?

<p>Shigella (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for cholera?

<p>Fluid replacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cholera epidemics?

<p>Seasonal fluctuations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main species of Salmonella?

<p>Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way to prevent cholera?

<p>Boiling water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Salmonella that distinguishes it from other bacteria?

<p>It is Gram-negative, encapsulated, and rod-shaped (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reservoir of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella?

<p>Infected humans, animals, and birds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication of Listeria monocytogenes infections?

<p>Hospitalization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Salmonella typically transmitted?

<p>Through faecal-oral transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical treatment for Salmonella food poisoning?

<p>Hydration and electrolyte balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Typhoidal Salmonella?

<p>Antibiotic therapy for 5-7 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of typhoid fever symptoms?

<p>4-6 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum inoculum required for Salmonella typhi to cause infection?

<p>100,000 bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Shigella spp.?

<p>Faecal-oral route (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of Shigella spp. infection?

<p>4-7 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of pathogenesis for Shigella spp.?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the complication that can occur in children infected with Shigella spp.?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for typhoid fever?

<p>Fluid replacement and antibiotics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Salmonella typhi?

<p>Faecal-oral route (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of carrier status for Shigella spp.?

<p>4 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incubation period for Shigella spp.?

<p>1-3 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you have blood or mucus in your stool?

<p>Do not take anti-diarrheal medication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for discomfort associated with acute diarrhea?

<p>Taking paracetamol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of acute diarrhea?

<p>Dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should you seek medical attention for acute diarrhea?

<p>If symptoms persist for more than 7 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should you avoid drinking when trying to rehydrate?

<p>Fruit juice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long should you avoid returning to work or school after symptoms resolve?

<p>48 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which E. coli toxins cause diarrhea?

<p>Inhibition of Na+ reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important cause of infantile enteritis?

<p>EPEC (enteropathogenic E. coli) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom that distinguishes E. coli from other causes of food poisoning?

<p>Blood or mucus in the stool (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diagnosing food poisoning, what is the primary indication for laboratory testing of stool specimens?

<p>Systemic illness or immunocompromised state (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of management in patients with food poisoning?

<p>Fluid and electrolyte replacement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus?

<p>Vomiting and slight diarrhea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for antibiotic therapy in patients with food poisoning?

<p>Systemic illness or immunocompromised state (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why the patient in the clinical case scenario did not require antibiotics?

<p>No systemically unwell or immunocompromised state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advice for patients with food poisoning?

<p>Stay at home and rest (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What bacteria is NOT a part of normal GI flora?

A microorganism that is not typically found in the healthy digestive system.

What is diarrhea?

Defecation that occurs more frequently than what is considered normal for an individual.

What virus is associated with food poisoning?

A viral agent commonly linked to food poisoning, often causing outbreaks.

What's the purpose of materials produced by Bifidobacterium spp.?

Substances produced by Bifidobacterium spp. that prevent the growth of harmful microorganisms in the gut.

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What bacteria causes acute diarrhea?

A bacterium frequently linked to acute diarrhea, often associated with antibiotic use.

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What's the typical duration of acute diarrhea?

Diarrhea that lasts for less than two weeks.

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What's the difference between non-cell-invasive and cell-invasive diarrheal pathogens?

The degree of intestinal invasion by a pathogen. Non-cell-invasive pathogens remain on the surface, while cell-invasive pathogens penetrate deeper.

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What are intrinsic toxins?

Toxins produced by bacteria found in food that cause illness when consumed.

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What is the faecal-oral route?

Transmission of an infectious agent through ingestion of contaminated feces or material.

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What food is associated with Campylobacter food poisoning?

A food commonly associated with food poisoning caused by Campylobacter.

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What did Dr. Snow observe about cholera?

The observation by Dr. Snow that cholera cases were concentrated around the Broad Street pump, suggesting a connection to water contamination.

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What was the outcome of Dr. Snow's discovery?

The ridding of slums and mandatory installation of toilets in private houses, implemented following Dr. Snow's discovery and subsequent Public Health Acts.

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What's the difference between exotoxic and enterotoxic poisoning?

The difference in the duration of symptoms caused by toxins produced by bacteria in food. Exotoxins cause longer-lasting symptoms than enterotoxins.

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What is the current global status of cholera?

The current status of cholera globally, as reported by the World Health Organization.

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What causes the most common dysentery in the UK?

The bacterium responsible for the most common form of dysentery in the UK.

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What is the goal of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control?

The country-led strategy of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control to significantly reduce deaths and ultimately eradicate cholera in several countries.

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What is the treatment for cholera?

The primary treatment for cholera, focusing on restoring lost fluids.

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What are the two main species of Salmonella?

The two main species of the Salmonella genus.

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What causes cholera epidemics?

A characteristic pattern of cholera outbreaks, often influenced by seasonal factors.

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What is the primary way to prevent cholera?

The primary method to prevent cholera, which eliminates the bacteria in contaminated water.

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What distinguishes Salmonella?

The unique features of Salmonella, including its Gram staining, shape, and presence of a capsule.

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What is the main reservoir of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella?

The main source of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella infection, including humans, animals, and birds.

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What complication is associated with Listeria monocytogenes?

A common complication of Listeria monocytogenes infections, requiring hospital care.

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How is Salmonella typically transmitted?

The typical mode of Salmonella transmission, involving ingestion of contaminated feces.

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What is the treatment for Salmonella food poisoning?

The typical treatment for Salmonella food poisoning, targeting the loss of fluids and electrolytes.

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What is the treatment for Typhoidal Salmonella?

The treatment for Typhoidal Salmonella, involving antibiotics.

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How long do typhoid fever symptoms last?

The typical duration of typhoid fever, usually lasting several weeks.

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What's the minimum inoculum for Salmonella typhi?

The minimum number of Salmonella typhi bacteria required to cause an infection.

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How is Shigella spp. transmitted?

The primary mode of transmission for Shigella spp., involving ingestion of contaminated feces.

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How long does Shigella spp. infection last?

The typical duration of a Shigella spp. infection, usually lasting less than a week.

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What is the primary mechanism of Shigella spp. pathogenesis?

The mechanism by which Shigella spp. causes illness, involving a complex interplay of factors.

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What complications can occur in children with Shigella spp. infection?

Complications that can occur in children infected with Shigella spp., including seizures, dehydration, and malnutrition.

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What is the primary treatment for typhoid fever?

The primary treatment for typhoid fever, focusing on fluid replacement and antibiotic therapy.

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What is the primary mode of transmission for Salmonella typhi?

The most frequent mode of Typhoidal Salmonella transmission, involving ingestion of contaminated feces.

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How long is the carrier status for Shigella spp.?

The duration of the carrier state for Shigella spp., where individuals can transmit the bacteria without experiencing symptoms.

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What is the incubation period for Shigella spp.?

The typical incubation period for Shigella spp., the time between exposure and symptom onset.

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What should you do if you have blood or mucus in your stool?

A crucial step to take if you notice blood or mucus in your stool, as it may indicate a more serious infection.

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What is the treatment for discomfort with acute diarrhea?

The recommended treatment for discomfort associated with acute diarrhea, providing pain relief.

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What is the primary complication of acute diarrhea?

The primary complication of acute diarrhea, which can lead to serious health problems.

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When should you seek medical attention for acute diarrhea?

The circumstances under which you should seek medical attention for acute diarrhea, indicating a potential need for further investigation.

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What should you avoid drinking when rehydrating?

A beverage you should avoid during rehydration, as it can worsen diarrhea.

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How long should you avoid work/school after diarrhea?

The recommended period of time to avoid work or school after symptoms of diarrhea subside, allowing for full recovery.

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How do E. coli toxins cause diarrhea?

The primary mechanism by which E. coli toxins cause diarrhea, affecting sodium reabsorption in the gut.

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What causes infantile enteritis?

The most common cause of infantile enteritis, a severe form of diarrhea in infants.

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What symptom distinguishes E. coli food poisoning?

The primary symptom that helps differentiate E. coli food poisoning from other causes, indicating a potentially more severe infection.

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When should you test stool specimens in food poisoning?

The primary indication for lab testing of stool specimens in diagnosing food poisoning, suggesting the need for further investigation.

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What caused the Lanarkshire E. coli outbreak?

The primary factor that led to the outbreak of E. coli in Lanarkshire, 1996, highlighting the importance of food safety.

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What's the primary goal of food poisoning management?

The primary goal of management in food poisoning, aiming to restore fluid and electrolyte balance.

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What are the symptoms of Bacillus cereus food poisoning?

The primary characteristic of food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus, including vomiting and mild diarrhea.

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When are antibiotics needed for food poisoning?

The primary indication for antibiotic therapy in food poisoning, suggesting a more complicated case.

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