Microbiology of Gut Normal Flora

Which of the following microorganisms is not typically part of the normal GI flora?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What is the primary characteristic of diarrhea?

Defecation more frequent than what is normal for an individual

Which viral agent is commonly associated with food poisoning?

Norovirus

What is the primary purpose of antimicrobial materials produced by Bifidobacterium spp.?

To inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms is commonly associated with acute diarrhea?

Clostridium difficile Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of symptoms for acute diarrhea?

Less than 14 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between non-cell-invasive and cell-invasive diarrheal pathogens?

The depth of intestinal invasion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following toxins is typically produced by bacteria present in food?

Intrinsic toxin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of transmission for Vibrio cholerae?

Faecal-oral Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is most commonly associated with Campylobacter food poisoning?

Chicken Signup and view all the answers

What was Dr. Snow's observation regarding the incidence of cholera around the Broad Street pump?

It was concentrated around the Broad Street pump due to its reputed water purity and taste Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of Dr. Snow's discovery and the subsequent Public Health Acts?

The ridding of slums and requirement for private houses to have WCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between exotoxic and enterotoxic poisoning?

The duration of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

According to the World Health Organization, what is the current status of cholera globally?

It is currently active in over 25 countries with a 25% increase in surge Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is responsible for the most common form of dysentery in the UK?

Shigella Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of the Global Task Force on Cholera Control's country-led strategy?

To reduce cholera deaths by 90% and eliminate cholera in 20 countries by 2030 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for cholera?

Fluid replacement Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main species of Salmonella?

Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of cholera epidemics?

Seasonal fluctuations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way to prevent cholera?

Boiling water Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Salmonella that distinguishes it from other bacteria?

It is Gram-negative, encapsulated, and rod-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reservoir of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella?

Infected humans, animals, and birds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common complication of Listeria monocytogenes infections?

Hospitalization Signup and view all the answers

How is Salmonella typically transmitted?

Through faecal-oral transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical treatment for Salmonella food poisoning?

Hydration and electrolyte balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Typhoidal Salmonella?

Antibiotic therapy for 5-7 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of typhoid fever symptoms?

4-6 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum inoculum required for Salmonella typhi to cause infection?

100,000 bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Shigella spp.?

Faecal-oral route Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of Shigella spp. infection?

4-7 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of pathogenesis for Shigella spp.?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the complication that can occur in children infected with Shigella spp.?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for typhoid fever?

Fluid replacement and antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Salmonella typhi?

Faecal-oral route Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of carrier status for Shigella spp.?

4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical incubation period for Shigella spp.?

1-3 days Signup and view all the answers

What should you do if you have blood or mucus in your stool?

Do not take anti-diarrheal medication Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for discomfort associated with acute diarrhea?

Taking paracetamol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of acute diarrhea?

Dehydration Signup and view all the answers

When should you seek medical attention for acute diarrhea?

If symptoms persist for more than 7 days Signup and view all the answers

What should you avoid drinking when trying to rehydrate?

Fruit juice Signup and view all the answers

How long should you avoid returning to work or school after symptoms resolve?

48 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which E. coli toxins cause diarrhea?

Inhibition of Na+ reabsorption Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important cause of infantile enteritis?

EPEC (enteropathogenic E. coli) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom that distinguishes E. coli from other causes of food poisoning?

Blood or mucus in the stool Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diagnosing food poisoning, what is the primary indication for laboratory testing of stool specimens?

Systemic illness or immunocompromised state Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that contributed to the outbreak of E. coli in Lanarkshire, 1996?

Contaminated meat from a butcher Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of management in patients with food poisoning?

Fluid and electrolyte replacement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of food poisoning caused by Bacillus cereus?

Vomiting and slight diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary indication for antibiotic therapy in patients with food poisoning?