45 Questions
What is the benefit of brushing teeth regularly?
Lower risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure
What is the definition of host-pathogen interaction?
The interaction between a host and a pathogen
What is the result of host-pathogen interactions?
Damage or disease to the host
What is the main mechanism used by bacteria to interact with the host?
Expressing molecules that bind host cell targets
What is the difference between virulence and toxigenicity?
Virulence refers to the ability of a pathogen to cause disease, while toxigenicity refers to the production of toxins
What is an example of direct contact in host-microbe interaction?
Direct contact between a host and a microbe
What is an example of indirect contact in host-microbe interaction?
Indirect contact through a contaminated surface
What is the role of molecular strategies in host-microbe interaction?
To facilitate the microbe's interaction with the host
What is the purpose of host-pathogen interaction?
For the pathogen to sustain itself within the host
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
A harmless microbe that infects a compromised host
Why is it important to know the normal flora of the human body?
To predict the pathogens causing infection
What is the definition of a microbe?
A microscopic organism, too small to be seen with the naked eye
What is the main reason for opportunistic infections?
All of the above
Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by a fungus?
Ringworm
Which of the following is NOT a normal flora site in the human body?
Muscles
What is the term for the ability of an organism to cause disease?
Pathogenicity
What is the study and diagnosis of disease called?
Pathology
What can be inferred from the isolation of Escherichia coli from blood cultures?
Probable intra-abdominal pathology
What is the term for the mechanisms by which a disease develops and progresses?
Pathogenesis
What is the significance of Viridans Streptococcus in blood cultures?
Indicates infective endocarditis
What is an example of a parasite that causes disease?
Toxoplasma
Why is the human body not sterile?
Because bacteria colonize us at birth
What is the term for an organism that causes disease to its host?
Pathogen
What is the significance of identifying the normal flora of the human body?
To predict the pathogens causing infection
What is the result of a breach in the body's natural defenses?
Opportunistic infection
Which of the following is an example of a disease caused by a bacteria?
TB
What is the term for the severity of disease symptoms caused by a pathogen?
Virulence
What is the primary role of physical structures like pilus or flagellum in pathogen survival?
To aid in adhesion to surfaces
What is the result of collagenase production by bacterial pathogens?
Breakdown of collagen in connective tissue
What is the term for the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream?
Bacteraemia
What is the primary function of leukocidins produced by bacterial pathogens?
To destroy host white blood cells
What is the life-threatening condition that occurs when blood pressure drops to a dangerously low level after an infection?
Septic shock
What is the term for the ability of pathogens to spread to other locations in the host?
Invasion
What is the result of hemolysins produced by bacterial pathogens?
Release of iron from host red blood cells
What is the term for the process of pathogens increasing in number and utilizing resources at a site?
Colonization
What is the role of toxins in pathogen invasion?
To penetrate and damage host cells
What type of transmission involves vehicles such as water, food, and air?
Vehicle transmission
What is an example of airborne transmission?
Tuberculosis transmission through coughs
What is an example of a fomite?
A contaminated doorknob
What is vector transmission?
Transmission through an animal vector
What is an example of waterborne transmission?
Transmission of disease through contaminated water
What is the distance range for airborne transmission?
Greater than one meter
What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the term for fine particles that can carry pathogens and facilitate airborne transmission?
Aerosols
What is the term for an animal that carries disease from one host to another?
Vector
Study Notes
Host-Microbe Interaction and Normal Flora
- Microbes are microscopic organisms that can cause disease, including bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, viruses, and parasites.
- Normal flora refers to the microorganisms that live on or inside the human body, often in specific sites, and do not typically cause disease.
- Opportunistic pathogens are harmless microbes that can cause infection in a host with a weakened immune system or compromised natural defenses.
Pathogen and Host-Pathogen Interaction
- A pathogen is an organism that causes disease in its host, with the severity of the disease symptoms referred to as virulence.
- Pathogenicity is the ability of an organism to cause disease, which is a genetic component of the pathogen.
- Pathogenesis is the mechanism by which a disease develops, progresses, and either persists or is resolved.
- Host-pathogen interaction is the process by which microbes sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal, or population level.
Mechanisms of Pathogenicity, Virulence, and Toxigenicity
- Bacterial pathogens express a wide range of molecules that bind to host cell targets to facilitate various host responses.
- Adherence is the ability of a pathogen to attach to a host cell surface, often using physical structures such as pili or flagella.
- Invasion refers to the ability of a pathogen to spread to other locations in the host, often by invading host cells or tissue.
- Toxins can be used to penetrate and damage cells, aiding the producing bacterium.
Routes of Transmission
- Direct transmission occurs through direct contact or droplet transmission.
- Indirect transmission occurs through vectors, vehicles, or fomites.
- Vehicle transmission refers to the transmission of pathogens through vehicles such as water, food, or air.
- Airborne transmission occurs when pathogens are carried in small particles, such as aerosols, and can transmit disease over distances greater than one meter.
- Vector transmission occurs when an animal, typically an arthropod, carries the disease from one host to another.
Normal Flora and Disease
- Knowledge of the normal flora of the human body allows for the prediction of the pathogens causing infection and the investigation of underlying abnormalities in specific areas of the body.
- Brushing teeth has been linked to a lower risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure due to the reduction of bacteria in the mouth.
This quiz covers the interaction between host and microbe, including normal flora, opportunistic microorganisms, and the mechanisms of pathogenicity, virulence, and toxigenicity.
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