Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of type III secretion systems in infection?
To inject effector molecules into host cells
What is the primary difference between exotoxins and endotoxins?
Exotoxins are heat-labile, while endotoxins are heat-stable
What is the term for a pathogen that causes disease in individuals with compromised immune systems?
Opportunistic pathogen
What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause disease?
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What is the term for the process by which bacteria avoid destruction by the host immune system?
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What is the term for the process by which viruses bind to host cells?
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What is the primary role of the microbiome?
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How do pathogens use type III secretion systems?
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What is the primary difference between primary pathogens and opportunistic pathogens?
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How do viruses spread to other cells?
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What is the primary function of inflammation in response to infection?
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What is the primary mechanism of pathogenesis used by fungi?
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Study Notes
Symbiotic Relationships
- Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit
- Commensalism: a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, the other is not affected
- Parasitism: a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits, the other is harmed
Microbiome
- Composition of a person's microbiome can change over time
- Importance of the microbiome: plays a crucial role in human health
Pathogens
- Primary pathogen: causes disease in a healthy individual
- Opportunistic pathogen: causes disease in an individual with a compromised immune system
- Virulence: the ability of a pathogen to cause disease
Infectious Diseases
- Characteristics: invasion, inflammation, and response
- Requirements for adherence and colonization: adherence to host cells, colonization of host tissue
Pathogenesis
- Type III secretion systems: used by bacteria to inject toxins into host cells
- Mechanisms of penetration: through skin and mucous membranes
- Mechanisms to avoid destruction: hiding from the host immune system, producing toxins
Toxins
- Exotoxins: heat-labile, can be inactivated by heat
- Endotoxins: heat-stable, cannot be inactivated by heat
- Neurotoxins: affect the nervous system
- Enterotoxins: affect the gastrointestinal system
- Cytotoxins: affect cells in general
Immune Response
- Inflammation: a response to tissue damage
- Antibodies: produced in response to infection, can cause damage
Viral Infections
- Binding to host cells: through specific receptors
- Spread to other cells: through cell-to-cell contact
- Avoiding immune responses: hiding from the host immune system, producing immune suppressors
- Damaging cells: through lysis or apoptosis
Fungal, Protozoan, and Helminthic Infections
- Mechanisms of pathogenesis: vary depending on the organism, but often involve penetration, colonization, and toxin production
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