MICR 270: Vaccines and Immunology Module 5
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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the HeLa cell line in cancer research?

  • It is used solely for testing pharmaceutical drugs.
  • It has contributed to numerous medical breakthroughs. (correct)
  • It was the first cell line derived from a healthy individual.
  • It originated from a unique viral infection.

How do cancer cells show resilience against treatments?

  • By completely avoiding any metabolic processes.
  • Through mutations that allow them to survive attacks. (correct)
  • By halting cell division indefinitely.
  • By increasing sensitivity to standard therapies.

What defines the cancer-immunity cycle?

  • The ways in which the body can prevent all diseases.
  • The interaction between the immune system and tumor progression. (correct)
  • The process by which tumors develop immunity to vaccines.
  • A series of genetic mutations leading to cancer.

What factors contribute to tumor immunosurveillance?

<p>The body's ability to recognize and attack abnormal cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic is associated with HeLa cells?

<p>They can replicate indefinitely under laboratory conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason an ELISA test is highly specific?

<p>It is based on the interaction between antigen and a highly specific antibody. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an indirect ELISA, what is the role of the enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody?

<p>To bind to the primary antibody and facilitate detection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the first step of the indirect ELISA procedure?

<p>Wells are coated with specific antigens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle behind the ELISA technique?

<p>Antigen-antibody interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used for detecting and quantifying different cell types in a mixed cell suspension?

<p>Flow Cytometry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to wash the wells multiple times during the ELISA procedure?

<p>To remove unbound antibodies and other interfering components. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibody is used to detect the presence of primary antibodies in an ELISA?

<p>An enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a monoclonal antibody?

<p>Antibodies that are produced by a single clone of a B-cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the developers of the monoclonal antibody production technique?

<p>Georges Kohler and César Milstein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the reaction between the enzyme-substrate in an ELISA test?

<p>It produces a color that can be quantitatively measured. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the antigen in the ELISA procedure?

<p>To bind to the primary antibody for measurement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance can be detected using an ELISA technique?

<p>Proteins, antibodies, hormones, and other molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the specificity of antibodies in an ELISA?

<p>Each type of antibody has a unique binding site for a specific antigen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding immunological techniques in fighting diseases?

<p>They help in identifying and combating infections and diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of immunology, what is an epitope?

<p>The portion of an antigen recognized and bound by an antibody (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of using flow cytometry in immunology?

<p>It provides data on cell populations in real-time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of genital herpes?

<p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the reported efficacy of the genital herpes vaccine in early clinical trials?

<blockquote> <p>70% (D)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What was the efficacy of the genital herpes vaccine in a larger clinical trial involving seronegative women?

<p>20% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vertical transfer in the context of genital herpes?

<p>Passage of the virus from mother to baby before or after birth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant health threat posed by genital herpes infections?

<p>Increased susceptibility to HIV infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do researchers consider developing as an alternative to the failed genital herpes vaccine?

<p>Live attenuated vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does being seronegative indicate regarding HSV infection?

<p>The individual has never been exposed to HSV. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional impact can genital herpes have on individuals?

<p>Significant emotional distress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of traditional vaccines mentioned in the content?

<p>They rarely induce long-lasting immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a carrier enhance the immune response according to the content?

<p>By covalently attaching a strong antigen to a poor antigen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viral protein does the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine specifically encode?

<p>Spike protein. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of B-cells in the immune response triggered by mRNA vaccines?

<p>To produce antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of material do RNA-based vaccines use to induce an immune response?

<p>Genetic material only. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the fluorescent molecule play in flow cytometry?

<p>It emits light when excited by laser light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the mRNA once it enters the host cell?

<p>It uses host cell machinery to produce the viral protein. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which diseases are mRNA vaccine formulations currently being investigated?

<p>HIV, influenza, and several non-infectious conditions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical properties are measured by flow cytometry?

<p>Cell shape, size, and granularity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does flow cytometry help in diagnosing cancer?

<p>By analyzing DNA aneuploidy and immunophenotypical characteristics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are multiple booster doses needed for some vaccines?

<p>To ensure lasting immune memory and response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of laser light in flow cytometry?

<p>To excite the fluorescent molecules for detection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding flow cytometry?

<p>It can only detect live cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of counts can flow cytometry assist with?

<p>Complete blood counts (CBC). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA aneuploidy in the context of cancer diagnosis?

<p>The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is Dr. Graeme Quest?

<p>A pathologist specializing in immunology and transfusion medicine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cancer in Canada

Information about cancer cases and trends in Canada.

Introduction to Cancer

Basic knowledge about cancer, a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth.

Tumors

Abnormal masses of cells, which can be benign or cancerous.

Cancer-Immunity Cycle

The process in which the immune system interacts with and attacks cancer cells.

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HeLa Cell Line

A notable cell line derived from Henrietta Lacks' tumor, enabling significant research.

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ELISA

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; a fundamental tool in clinical immunology that detects and measures substances like proteins, antibodies using antigen-antibody interaction.

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Flow Cytometry

A method to detect and count different types of cells in a mixture.

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Monoclonal Antibodies

Antibodies produced by a single B-cell clone, specific to a single part of an antigen (epitope).

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Antigen

A substance that triggers an immune response.

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Antibody

A protein produced by immune cells that binds to antigens.

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Epitope

The part of an antigen that an antibody recognizes and binds to.

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Mixed Cell Suspension

A mixture of different cell types.

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Georges Kohler and César Milstein

Scientists who developed the technique for producing monoclonal antibodies.

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ELISA Specificity

ELISA tests are highly specific to the substance they detect because they rely on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction. Antibodies bind to specific antigens, ensuring the test only identifies the target substance.

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ELISA Steps: Step 1

The wells of the ELISA plate are coated with an antigen that the primary antibody being measured recognizes. This antigen is attached to the well bottom, creating a binding site for the primary antibody.

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ELISA Steps: Step 2

The sample, containing the antibody to be measured (e.g., patient's serum), is added to the well. Primary antibodies in the sample bind to the antigens attached to the well bottom.

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ELISA Steps: Step 3

An enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody is added to the well. This secondary antibody binds to the Fc portion of the primary antibodies already bound to the antigen. The secondary antibody recognizes antibodies from a specific animal (e.g., anti-human, anti-rat).

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ELISA Steps: Step 4

A substrate specific to the enzyme on the secondary antibody is added to the well. The reaction of the enzyme and substrate produces a colored product, which can be measured using an absorbance reader.

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Enzyme-Conjugated Secondary Antibody

A secondary antibody that is specifically bound to an enzyme, allowing for the detection of the primary antibody.

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Chromogen

A substrate used in ELISA that reacts with an enzyme attached to the secondary antibody, producing a coloured product which is measurable.

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mRNA Vaccines

Vaccines that utilize messenger RNA (mRNA) to trigger an immune response against a specific antigen, like the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.

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mRNA Vaccine Mechanism

mRNA vaccines work by delivering mRNA encoding a viral antigen into the body. The mRNA enters host cells and uses the cell's machinery to produce the antigen, which then triggers an immune response.

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Carrier

A stronger antigen attached to a weaker antigen. This helps to boost the immune response against the weaker antigen by forming a more effective target for the immune system.

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Spike Protein

A protein found on the surface of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. It's responsible for the virus's ability to attach to and enter human cells.

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Bivalent Vaccine

A vaccine that targets two different strains of a virus, providing protection against both.

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Booster Dose

A subsequent dose of a vaccine administered after the initial doses to strengthen immunity and provide longer-lasting protection.

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Genital Herpes

A sexually transmitted infection caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 or HSV-2), leading to recurring sores and potential long-term health risks.

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Vertical Transfer

The transmission of a disease-causing agent from mother to baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

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Seronegative

Testing negative for antibodies against a specific pathogen, indicating no prior exposure or infection.

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What does flow cytometry measure?

It measures the physical properties of cells, including size, shape, granularity, and the presence of specific antigens.

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How are cells 'stained' in flow cytometry?

Cells are treated with an antibody that recognizes a specific antigen and is coupled to a fluorescent molecule. This causes the cells to emit light of a specific color when excited by a laser.

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Subunit Vaccine

A vaccine containing only specific parts of a pathogen (e.g., proteins) instead of the entire organism.

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HSV-2

The herpes simplex virus type most commonly associated with genital infections.

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What is the significance of a complete blood count (CBC)?

A CBC measures different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This is important for detecting various diseases and conditions.

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What is aneuploidy?

The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell.

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Live Attenuated Vaccine

A vaccine consisting of a weakened form of the pathogen, triggering an immune response without causing disease.

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Immune Response

The body's natural defense mechanism against foreign invaders like pathogens or their components.

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How can flow cytometry diagnose cancer?

Flow cytometry can diagnose cancer by detecting DNA aneuploidy, analyzing cell cycles, and identifying specific cell markers (immunophenotyping).

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Genital Tract

The reproductive organs in females and males.

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What is immunophenotyping?

The process of identifying different cell types based on the specific proteins (antigens) present on their surface.

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How is flow cytometry used in clinical practice?

It is used to diagnose cancer, monitor treatment response, and research various diseases. It's also used for complete blood count (CBC) analysis, identifying specific cell types in the blood.

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Study Notes

Module 5: Vaccines and Translational Immunology

  • This course is designed for online interaction, using the online modules
  • The Module Companion Guide is a supplementary resource
  • Discrepancies between the guide and the online modules should be referred to the module
  • Do not distribute this guide to students who are not enrolled in MICR 270
  • This is a violation of Queen's University Academic Integrity Policy
  • Violating the policy can lead to sanctions

Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • Course Toolbox
  • Learning Outcomes
  • Module Assignments
  • Journal Article Assignment
  • Scientific Poster Assignment
  • Module Outline
  • Section 01: Immunological Techniques and Technologies
    • Introduction to Immunological Techniques
    • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
      • How ELISA Works
      • What ELISA Measures
      • Video on ELISA
    • Flow Cytometry
      • How Flow Cytometry Works
      • What Flow Cytometry Measures
      • Clinical Applications
      • Video on Flow Cytometry
    • Monoclonal Antibodies
      • How Monoclonal Antibodies Work
      • What Monoclonal Antibodies Measure
      • Clinical Applications
      • Video on Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Section 02: Vaccines
    • Types of Immunity
    • Types of Vaccines
      • Killed-inactivated Vaccine
      • Toxoid Vaccine
      • Subunit Vaccine
      • Live-attenuated Vaccine
      • mRNA Vaccines
        • Mechanism
      • Antivirals Medications Against COVID-19
        • Polymerase Inhibitors
        • Protease Inhibitors
      • Evolution of Vaccines
        • Modern-Day Vaccine Success Stories
          • HPV VLP Vaccines
          • Ebola Vaccines
        • Modern-Day Vaccine Failure Stories
          • Genital Herpes Vaccine
      • Phases of Vaccine Development
        • Lab Studies
        • Preclinical Studies
        • Clinical Phase I
        • Clinical Phase II
        • Clinical Phase III
        • Health Canada Approval
        • Vaccination in Canada
        • Vaccine Trends in Canada
        • Challenges with Vaccine Development
        • Vaccine Development Challenges - Influenza Virus
        • Vaccinating Against Measles
  • Section 03: Cancer And The Immune System
    • Cancer in Canada
    • Introduction to Cancer
    • Tumours
    • The Resilience of Cancer Cells
    • The Special Case of HeLa cells
    • The Hela Cell Line - Research Breakthroughs
    • The Cancer-Immunity Cycle
    • Tumour Immunosurveillance vs. Immunoediting
      • Cancer Immunoediting
      • Evasion of the Immune Response
        • Reduced MHC Expression
        • Poor Costimulatory Molecules
    • Overview of Cancer Immunotherapy
    • Introduction to Cancer Immunotherapy
    • How would using immunotherapy as a cancer treatment affect the cancer-immunity cycle?
    • Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes
    • Immunological Classification of Tumours
    • A New Immunotherapy Tool - The Immunoscore
    • Looking Forward: Immunotherapy Approaches Based On Tumour Immune Microenvironment
    • Conclusion
    • Module Summary
    • Concept Map: List of Immunology Terminology

Learning Outcomes

  • Describe the basic principles and applications of two techniques for measuring an immune response
  • Describe the technology behind monoclonal antibody production and the various uses of monoclonal antibodies
  • Explain the basis of four types of vaccines and discuss their utility in protecting us against various classes of infectious agents
  • Describe the stages of vaccine development and discuss some of the challenges faced during vaccine development
  • Describe the role of the immune response in cancer and discuss how immunotherapy has been established as a major pillar of cancer management

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MICR 270 Module 5: Vaccines and Translational Immunology PDF

Description

Explore Module 5 of the MICR 270 course, focusing on vaccines and translational immunology. This quiz covers essential topics like immunological techniques, ELISA, and flow cytometry, providing insights into their applications and measurements. Ideal for reinforcing your understanding of these critical subjects.

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