MICR 270: Vaccines and Immunology Module 5

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the HeLa cell line in cancer research?

It is used solely for testing pharmaceutical drugs.

It has contributed to numerous medical breakthroughs. (correct)

It was the first cell line derived from a healthy individual.

It originated from a unique viral infection.

How do cancer cells show resilience against treatments?

By completely avoiding any metabolic processes.

Through mutations that allow them to survive attacks. (correct)

By halting cell division indefinitely.

By increasing sensitivity to standard therapies.

What defines the cancer-immunity cycle?

The ways in which the body can prevent all diseases.

The interaction between the immune system and tumor progression. (correct)

The process by which tumors develop immunity to vaccines.

A series of genetic mutations leading to cancer.

What factors contribute to tumor immunosurveillance?

The body's ability to recognize and attack abnormal cells. Signup and view all the answers

What unique characteristic is associated with HeLa cells?

They can replicate indefinitely under laboratory conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason an ELISA test is highly specific?

It is based on the interaction between antigen and a highly specific antibody. Signup and view all the answers

In an indirect ELISA, what is the role of the enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody?

To bind to the primary antibody and facilitate detection. Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the first step of the indirect ELISA procedure?

Wells are coated with specific antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle behind the ELISA technique?

Antigen-antibody interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is used for detecting and quantifying different cell types in a mixed cell suspension?

Flow Cytometry Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to wash the wells multiple times during the ELISA procedure?

To remove unbound antibodies and other interfering components. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibody is used to detect the presence of primary antibodies in an ELISA?

An enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a monoclonal antibody?

Antibodies that are produced by a single clone of a B-cell Signup and view all the answers

Who were the developers of the monoclonal antibody production technique?

Georges Kohler and César Milstein Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the reaction between the enzyme-substrate in an ELISA test?

It produces a color that can be quantitatively measured. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the antigen in the ELISA procedure?

To bind to the primary antibody for measurement. Signup and view all the answers

Which substance can be detected using an ELISA technique?

Proteins, antibodies, hormones, and other molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the specificity of antibodies in an ELISA?

Each type of antibody has a unique binding site for a specific antigen. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of understanding immunological techniques in fighting diseases?

They help in identifying and combating infections and diseases Signup and view all the answers

In the context of immunology, what is an epitope?

The portion of an antigen recognized and bound by an antibody Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of using flow cytometry in immunology?

It provides data on cell populations in real-time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of genital herpes?

Herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 Signup and view all the answers

What was the reported efficacy of the genital herpes vaccine in early clinical trials?

<blockquote> 70% </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

What was the efficacy of the genital herpes vaccine in a larger clinical trial involving seronegative women?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What is vertical transfer in the context of genital herpes?

Passage of the virus from mother to baby before or after birth Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant health threat posed by genital herpes infections?

Increased susceptibility to HIV infection Signup and view all the answers

What do researchers consider developing as an alternative to the failed genital herpes vaccine?

Live attenuated vaccines Signup and view all the answers

What does being seronegative indicate regarding HSV infection?

The individual has never been exposed to HSV. Signup and view all the answers

What emotional impact can genital herpes have on individuals?

Significant emotional distress Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of traditional vaccines mentioned in the content?

They rarely induce long-lasting immunity. Signup and view all the answers

How does a carrier enhance the immune response according to the content?

By covalently attaching a strong antigen to a poor antigen. Signup and view all the answers

Which viral protein does the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine specifically encode?

Spike protein. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of B-cells in the immune response triggered by mRNA vaccines?

To produce antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What type of material do RNA-based vaccines use to induce an immune response?

Genetic material only. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the fluorescent molecule play in flow cytometry?

It emits light when excited by laser light. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the mRNA once it enters the host cell?

It uses host cell machinery to produce the viral protein. Signup and view all the answers

In which diseases are mRNA vaccine formulations currently being investigated?

HIV, influenza, and several non-infectious conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Which physical properties are measured by flow cytometry?

Cell shape, size, and granularity. Signup and view all the answers

How does flow cytometry help in diagnosing cancer?

By analyzing DNA aneuploidy and immunophenotypical characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

Why are multiple booster doses needed for some vaccines?

To ensure lasting immune memory and response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the use of laser light in flow cytometry?

To excite the fluorescent molecules for detection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding flow cytometry?

It can only detect live cells. Signup and view all the answers

What type of counts can flow cytometry assist with?

Complete blood counts (CBC). Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA aneuploidy in the context of cancer diagnosis?

The presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Dr. Graeme Quest?

A pathologist specializing in immunology and transfusion medicine. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module 5: Vaccines and Translational Immunology

This course is designed for online interaction, using the online modules
The Module Companion Guide is a supplementary resource
Discrepancies between the guide and the online modules should be referred to the module
Do not distribute this guide to students who are not enrolled in MICR 270
This is a violation of Queen's University Academic Integrity Policy
Violating the policy can lead to sanctions

Introduction
Course Toolbox
Learning Outcomes
Module Assignments
Journal Article Assignment
Scientific Poster Assignment
Module Outline
Section 01: Immunological Techniques and Technologies
- Introduction to Immunological Techniques
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
  - How ELISA Works
  - What ELISA Measures
  - Video on ELISA
- Flow Cytometry
  - How Flow Cytometry Works
  - What Flow Cytometry Measures
  - Clinical Applications
  - Video on Flow Cytometry
- Monoclonal Antibodies
  - How Monoclonal Antibodies Work
  - What Monoclonal Antibodies Measure
  - Clinical Applications
  - Video on Monoclonal Antibodies
Section 02: Vaccines
- Types of Immunity
- Types of Vaccines
  - Killed-inactivated Vaccine
  - Toxoid Vaccine
  - Subunit Vaccine
  - Live-attenuated Vaccine
  - mRNA Vaccines
    - Mechanism
  - Antivirals Medications Against COVID-19
    - Polymerase Inhibitors
    - Protease Inhibitors
  - Evolution of Vaccines
    - Modern-Day Vaccine Success Stories
      - HPV VLP Vaccines
      - Ebola Vaccines
    - Modern-Day Vaccine Failure Stories
      - Genital Herpes Vaccine
  - Phases of Vaccine Development
    - Lab Studies
    - Preclinical Studies
    - Clinical Phase I
    - Clinical Phase II
    - Clinical Phase III
    - Health Canada Approval
    - Vaccination in Canada
    - Vaccine Trends in Canada
    - Challenges with Vaccine Development
    - Vaccine Development Challenges - Influenza Virus
    - Vaccinating Against Measles
Section 03: Cancer And The Immune System
- Cancer in Canada
- Introduction to Cancer
- Tumours
- The Resilience of Cancer Cells
- The Special Case of HeLa cells
- The Hela Cell Line - Research Breakthroughs
- The Cancer-Immunity Cycle
- Tumour Immunosurveillance vs. Immunoediting
  - Cancer Immunoediting
  - Evasion of the Immune Response
    - Reduced MHC Expression
    - Poor Costimulatory Molecules
- Overview of Cancer Immunotherapy
- Introduction to Cancer Immunotherapy
- How would using immunotherapy as a cancer treatment affect the cancer-immunity cycle?
- Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes
- Immunological Classification of Tumours
- A New Immunotherapy Tool - The Immunoscore
- Looking Forward: Immunotherapy Approaches Based On Tumour Immune Microenvironment
- Conclusion
- Module Summary
- Concept Map: List of Immunology Terminology

Learning Outcomes

Describe the basic principles and applications of two techniques for measuring an immune response
Describe the technology behind monoclonal antibody production and the various uses of monoclonal antibodies
Explain the basis of four types of vaccines and discuss their utility in protecting us against various classes of infectious agents
Describe the stages of vaccine development and discuss some of the challenges faced during vaccine development
Describe the role of the immune response in cancer and discuss how immunotherapy has been established as a major pillar of cancer management

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Description

Explore Module 5 of the MICR 270 course, focusing on vaccines and translational immunology. This quiz covers essential topics like immunological techniques, ELISA, and flow cytometry, providing insights into their applications and measurements. Ideal for reinforcing your understanding of these critical subjects.